<p>The Veteran’s Memorial Building is located on May’s Island in the middle of the Cedar River in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. It is a contributing property to the May&#39;s Island Historic District that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The building served as the Cedar Rapids City Hall until it was damaged in the Flood of 2008. The Building underwent a ribbon-cutting ceremony to mark its official re-opening April 15, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A petition to construct a memorial building was filed with the City Clerk on March 4, 1925. Over 40 civic organizations were involved in planning for the structure. Voters passed a bond referendum and a Veterans Memorial Commission was formed.</p><br>
<p>Plans were drawn and the building was placed on May’s Island. In order to make the building financially feasible, a new city hall was incorporated into the plans. Cedar Rapids, after Paris, Frances Hôtel de Ville on the Île de la Cité, and Osaka, Japan, would be only one of three cities to have its government located on an island. The building also contains a Memorial Window, Memorial Auditorium and a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The building was designed in the Beaux-Arts style. The main portion of the building contains four stories, with an eight-story section in the front. A cenotaph tops the eight-story section. The auditorium contains seven banners from veterans organizations, and seven American flags were suspended from the ceiling. A Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is located above the cenotaph.</p><br>
<p>The first addition to the building was a statue of the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima, which was placed on the front steps in 1960. It is a memorial to veterans of World War II and the Korean War. The Veterans Memorial Commission added a museum in 1966, which contains items from the American Revolution through the Vietnam War. The museum was dedicated as a memorial to the Spanish–American War. A granite monument memorializes those who served in the Vietnam War. In 2000 an eternal flame was lit on top of the building.</p><br>
<p>The buildings sustained damage as a result of the 2008 flood. As a result, the city government was forced to leave the building. In the aftermath the city decided to move the city offices to the former Federal Courthouse. The city was able to take possession of the building after it provided the land for a new courthouse downtown. The City Council began holding its meetings in the former courthouse on June 26, 2011, and the facility was opened for public use on 4 June 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial window</h2><br>
<p>Regionalist artist Grant Wood, who grew up and lived in Cedar Rapids as an adult, was commissioned to design the memorial window. The window measures 24 by. It is the only stained glass window designed by Wood. It depicts a 16 ft Lady of Peace and Victory in the clouds. She wears a Grecian robe and a blue mourning veil and holds a palm branch for peace in one hand and a wreath for victory in the other. The artist&#39;s sister Nan was the model for the Lady of Peace and Victory. Across the bottom are six 6 ft tall soldiers representing the American Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican–American War, American Civil War, Spanish–American War, and World War I.</p><br>
<p>The window deteriorated somewhat over the years, and it was damaged in the 2008 flood. Glass Heritage of Davenport, Iowa restored the window for $150,000. It was re-dedicated on July 4, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Fail Loch was situated in a low-lying area near the old monastery of Fail in the Parish of Tarbolton, South Ayrshire, Scotland. The old Lochlea Loch lies nearby and its waters still feed into Fail Loch via the Mill Burn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The loch is recorded as Valle in 1307, and Feil in the 17th century. Feill (1732), Faill or Ffele&#39; are further names recorded for the site. Paterson states that the loch once surrounded the Fail Monastery so that it sat on an island. The surviving portion of the seasonal loch is located to the north of the old monastery site.</p><br>
<p>In 1504 it is recorded that turf and masses of earth on land belonging to the House of Failford were used for repairing a breakout of Fail Loch and lade to the north and west where the border with the lands of the Abbot of Melrose lay.</p><br>
<p>Shaw relates in the 1950s that Lochlee, Fail Loch and Tarbolton Loch are no longer so full of water as when they were required to supply water for the meal mills, and gave good skating and curling in a hard winter. They are now to a large extent drained away, but are still the haunt of snipe, goose, duck, and swan.</p><br>
<h3>Fail Mill</h3><br>
<p>The Duke of Portland abolished thirlage in mid-19th century, making Millburn Mill, and its head of water, Lochlea, redundant resulting in active attempts at drainage at both Fail and Lochlea causing their effective demise circa 1840. Much of the loch lands of Fail Loch became part of the fields of the surrounding farms and properties, such as Mosside, Lilylaw, Adamhill, and Boghead, however a portion remained prone to seasonal flooding.</p><br>
<p>The waters of the Townend and Mill Burns still contribute to the flow towards the old Fail Mill that stood on the rivulet, known from this point on, as the Water of Fail and survived into the 20th century. Much of the surrounding lands in the area, originally belonged to the monks from Fail Monastery. The old Monk&#39;s Road forms a boundary on the east side of the old loch.</p><br>
<p>William Muir was the tenant of the Mill of Fail at the time of Robert Burns.</p><br>
<p>The OS maps show the presence of a dam and mill pond which would have negated the need for the existence of the loch as a head of water for the mill.</p><br>
<p>In 1840 three cinerary urns were found at Fail Mill and were donated to the Mechanics Museum in Ayr by Mr Andrew of Fail Mill.</p><br>
<h3>Drainage</h3><br>
<p>Although the loch&#39;s drainage may have begun in the 18th century when Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, was pursuing a number of agricultural improvements on his extensive estates and other landowners followed his example, further drainage work may have taken place in the 1740s as part of the improvements undertaken to provide employment for Irish estate workers during the Irish potato famines of the 1740s and the mid 19th centuries. Many drainage schemes also date to the end of World War I when many soldiers returned en masse to civilian life.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>Blaeus map of 1654, dating from Timothy Ponts survey of circa 1604, clearly shows and names the loch and indicates that it was somewhat larger than Lochlea Loch. Roy&#39;s map of 1747 shows no loch present. Thomson map of 1832 does not record a loch, although Loch Brown and Lochlea Loch are marked.</p><br>
<p>The 19th century Ordnance Survey maps show the site as Fail Loch and state that it is liable to flooding, and the drainage remains inadequate and the area dominated by marsh plants. Paterson records that part of Fail Loch remains in the 1860s.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>Fail Loch is the site of a wildfowl Wetland Bird Survey (WEBS) count. Fail Loch, a Scottish Wildlife Trust designated site is also important as a wetland with over 125 plant species recorded.</p><br>
<p>Tarbolton Curling Club used Loch Fail in the 19th century, showing that it was prone to winter flooding at that time.</p><br>
<p>The McLellan House is an historic house at 140 School Street in Gorham, Maine, USA. Built in 1773, it is the oldest known brick house Cumberland County, and possibly of the entire state. It is now part of the Gorham campus of the University of Southern Maine , housing the Center for Education Policy, Applied Research, and Evaluation . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The McLellan House stands north of Gorham center, on the west side of School Street. It is set back on a rise overlooking the street, at the northern edge of the USM campus. It is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof and a granite foundation. The front and right walls of the building are laid in Flemish bond, while the left and rear are laid in common bond. The gable ends are framed in wood and finished with clapboards. First-floor windows and the center entrance are set in segmented-arch openings, while second-floor windows are set in rectangular openings. The interior has been repeatedly altered, especially due to different uses by the university, but retains a few elements of original trim and styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1773 for Hugh and Elizabeth McLellan, who arrived in the area in 1740, and are counted among Gorham&#39;s earliest settlers. It is believed to be the first brick house built in Cumberland County, and is among the oldest surviving brick buildings in the state. It was acquired by Gorham State College (now the University of Southern Maine) in 1966 and converted to a dormitory. It has since been adapted for use as office space.</p><br>
<p>The Old Library Building was chartered by the Maysville and Mason County Library, Historic and Scientific Association in 1878 and built between 1878 and 1880. It is the last of four libraries established in Maysville, Kentucky in the nineteenth century. It was preceded by the Maysville Lyceum – chartered in 1839, the Maysville Athenaeum – 1840, and the Maysville Library - date unknown, but no longer in existence by 1859.</p><br>
<p>The brick structure is long and narrow, set perpendicular to the street. The original front of the building facing Sutton Street was a bare brick wall. In 1973, a new wing was added with windows matching the original side elevation with the insertion of plain double doors into the end bays.</p><br>
<p>Structurally, there are tall narrow brick piers between which the actual wall is recessed, but most of the wall consists of the apparent frames of the tall, narrow two-story windows, which seem to occupy most of the surface. The deepset windows have round arches at the top with prominent stone keystones. Circular windows, framed in wood, are inserted within the arch. Above the keystones and within the vertical panels are corbelled brick features with narrow slits that suggest machicolation. Apparently, there has never been an ornamental cornice.</p><br>
<p>The scale of the two-story windows is non-residential and the form suggests a mid-19th-century Italianate style often applied to semi-public buildings such as fire stations, banks, Masonic meeting halls, and libraries. The interior originally consisted of a single long hall with gallery above. It is now reached by a staircase at the far end that splits above a central landing to lead up to the gallery on either side. The gallery is supported turned columns above newel posts.</p><br>
<p>The Castalian Springs Mound State Historic Site   is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located near the small unincorporated community of Castalian Springs in Sumner County, Tennessee. The site was first excavated in the 1890s and again as recently as the 2005 to 2011 archaeological field school led by Dr. Kevin E. Smith. A number of important finds have been associated with the site, most particularly several examples of Mississippian stone statuary and the Castalian Springs shell gorget held by the National Museum of the American Indian. The site is owned by the State of Tennessee and is a State Historic Site managed by the Bledsoes Lick Association for the Tennessee Historical Commission. The site is not currently open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Castalian Springs site is the largest of four Mississippian mound centers on the eastern edge of the Nashville basin, located on a flood terrace of a tributary creek of the Cumberland River. The palisaded village and surrounding habitation area was approximately 40 acre in size and consisted of a dozen platform mounds, a burial mound, plaza and a number of dwellings and civic structures. The site was first noted in the early 1820s by Ralph E.W. Earl, who did extensive digging at the site. He described a low earthen embankment with raised earthen towers enclosing 16 acre, the remnants of what is now known to have been a wooden palisade. Earl also described the principal mound ( Mound 1) inside the enclosure as being a compound structure consisting of a rectangular platform 600 ft long by 200 ft wide and 13 ft to 15 ft in height and aligned in an east-west direction. On the western end of the platform was a conical shaped mound with a flattened top, approximately 18 ft to 20 ft in height. On the southern side of the mound was a plaza, which was bordered on its eastern edge by a 120 ft in diameter 8 ft tall burial mound (Mound 2) and on its western edge by another large platform mound (Mound 3). Outside of the palisade to southwest on the banks of Lick Creek was a stone mound (Mound 4) 60 ft in diameter and 5.5 ft, similar examples of which have been found at the Beasley Mounds and Sellars Indian Mound sites. Over the years since Earls first description Euro-Americans have plowed the area for agricultural purposes and consequently the main platform mound and a few raised impressions are all that are still visible of the embankment and the 12 platform mounds once contained within it. Scattered throughout the area archaeologists have also found stone box graves, mortuary caves and other features thought to be associated with the Castalian Springs site. The karst terrain of the area produced numerous small caves, one of which is located a few hundred yards west of the Castalian Springs site. Known locally as the "Cave of the Skulls" (40SU126), this small cave was explored by Myer at sometime during one of his three excavation of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1890s and again in 1916-1917, amateur archaeologist William E. Myer (later a “special archeologist” with the Smithsonian) excavated parts of the site, including the stone box graves. He also excavated the large burial mound, which contained well over a hundred graves. Myer discovered several artifacts containing S.E.C.C. imagery, including many shell gorgets which were later acquired by the Museum of the American Indian in 1926.</p><br>
<p>The State of Tennessee purchased the site in 2005, and modern excavations were instituted by the Middle Tennessee State University. Dr. Kevin E. Smith conducted an archaeological dig school at the village site from 2005 through 2011. The Castalian Springs Archaeological Project is a multi-year research project sponsored by the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Middle Tennessee State University, the Bledsoe&#39;s Lick Historical Association and the Tennessee Division of Archaeology. Its stated objectives are to develop an initial understanding of the size and extent of the site, to develop trails and other facilities on the site without negatively impacting archaeological deposits, to give university students training in the methods and techniques of professional field and laboratory archaeology, and to emphasize to the public the value of archaeological research.</p><br>
<h3>Important finds</h3><br>
<p>A number of Mississippian stone statues have been dug up at the site, the first being sometime before 1823 when it is first mentioned. Since then several others have been found, including one believed to have been dug from the platform section of the main mound and several from one of the associated village areas. In 1892 an etched stone tablet was discovered at the site by Myer. The 9 in by 12 in limestone tablet is engraved with symbolic imagery associated with the S.E.C.C., specifically the upper torso of a human figure ceremonially dressed as a raptorial bird with a sun symbol on its chest. The iconography is very similar to depictions of the falcon dancer found on Mississippian copper plates excavated from locations across the Midwest and Southeast. The tablet was the second of only six such tablets that have been found in the Central Tennessee area. Another more famous engraved stone, the Thruston tablet, was found a short distance away from Castalian Springs site in 1878 on the banks of Rocky Creek in what is now Trousdale County, Tennessee. The tablet is 19 in wide by 14 in tall by 1 in and on both sides depicts multiple figures dressed in S.E.C.C. regalia. It is named for Gates P. Thruston, a Nashville lawyer turned avocational archaeologist who excavated many sites in the Nashville area and built up an extensive collection of artifacts, even though he did not discover the stone nor was it ever part of his collection. He did champion the stone and wrote an article for "The Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adjacent States" journal in 1890 when the tablet was held by the Tennessee Historical Society. It is presently part of the collection of the Tennessee State Museum in Nashville.</p><br>
<p>Myer also found a cache of over thirty engraved shell gorgets, several of which are now held by the N.M.A.I. The most important of the gorgets is carved in what is known as the Eddyville or Braden style, believed to have been associated with the Cahokia polity near Collinsville, Illinois. The gorget depicts a warrior figure holding a ceremonial mace in his left hand and severed head in his right. The figure also has the Forked Eye Surround Motif, the Bellows apron motif and the Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif, all of which are associated with the S.E.C.C. Falcon dancer. Although the design is often shown with the figure upright, holes drilled in the edge of the gorget for its suspension as a neck ornament show it was meant to be seen with the figure oriented sideways, although it is as yet unclear what this may signify. Also in the cache were two Cox style and two Nashville I style gorgets.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 a waterline replacement crew working on the right of way of State Route 25 discovered an intact Cox style gorget carved from a dark gray shale. This artifact is one of a very few Cox style motifs utilized on a material other than marine shell.</p><br>
<p>Tell Mashnaqa  is an archaeological site located on the Khabur River, a tributary to the Euphrates, about 30 km south of Al-Hasakah in northeastern Syria. The earliest occupation of the site dates to the Ubaid period , and was excavated by a Danish team from 1990–1995 in four seasons.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The tell, now flooded by the al-Hassakah Dam project, was around 4 hectare in area. The western side of the tell formed a high mound, rising to a height of more than 11 m. The lower and flatter eastern side rose 4 m above plain level.</p><br>
<p>The mudbrick houses, found at the earliest level of the tell, had small rooms with fireplaces, grinding stones, mortars and painted pots. The later levels show a shift in occupation to other parts of the tell, where areas inhabited earlier were turned into a refuse midden and later a cemetery. The site was later abandoned for hundreds of years only to be rebuilt again in the fourth millennium BC. This level had a large tripartite building measuring about 11.5 by 10.5 m.</p><br>
<h3>Boat models</h3><br>
<p>One of the most remarkable finds at the Ubaid level of the site were fragments of two pottery boat models, excavated in 1991. The models represented long, narrow canoes with pointed sterns. The boats were probably made of reed coated with bitumen to make them waterproof. The findings strongly suggest that people of the Khabur region had already made use of boats for transport and fishing by c. 5000 BC, if not before. Similar models have been unearthed from other Ubaid sites such as Eridu, Ubaid, Uqair and Abada.</p><br>
<p>The John J. Michels House is a private house located at 1121 E. Houghton Avenue in Houghton, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1989 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>John J. Michels</h2><br>
<p>John J. Michels was born in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, the son of Michel and Katherine (Misen) Michels. In 1880, the family moved to Houghton, where the elder Michels worked as a carpenter. John J. Michels attended school until he was 12, then began work in a furniture store. He worked in a mine and a stamping mill, and when he was 17 began carpentering at the Huron Mine. A few years later, he became a contractor and builder, and was responsible for a number of large public and commercial buildings in the area, including Douglas Public School, the Houghton Odd Fellows Hall, Houghton Presbyterian Church, the David Haas Block, St. Ignatius School, Houghton High School, Dollar Bay schools, the Houghton Public Library, the Houghton Flour Mill, the Copper Range Railroad depot at Painesdale, and the Isle Royale School in Portage Township. Michels was also a village trustee and a member of the Houghton County Road Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The John Michels House is an asymmetrical, 2-1/2 story Queen Anne-style house with a gable and hipped roof. The exterior was originally lapsided with wood siding, but is now covered with cedar shingles. A gabled pediment and conical tower delineate the roofline, and the house is roofed in asphalt shingles. A circular porch wraps around the first story, supported by round wooden columns and accented with beaded spindle work.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa County Courthouse in Marengo, Iowa, United States, was built in 1893. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Iowa County’s first courthouse was a one-room building constructed in 1847. The county board of supervisors decided the building was not sufficient and they had another building built and it was completed in 1851. It became too small within ten years and a third courthouse was built for $2,000. The present Richardsonian influenced Romanesque Revival building was built for $57,608.16. The building is constructed of Berea Sandstone and features a 137 ft tower. It is capped with an octagonal top stage and a high, pointed roof. This type of treatment is not found in any other courthouse in Iowa. The Iowa County Courthouse was dedicated on December 20, 1893.</p><br>
<p>The Poweshiek County Courthouse in Montezuma, Iowa, United States was built in 1859. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Poweshiek County’s first courthouse was a two-story frame building constructed on the northeast corner of the town square in 1850. It served the community as a school, church and meeting place as well as a courthouse. In time the building was remodeled as a house. The present building was built for $1,928.15 in 1856. Drake & Dryden designed and built the Greek Revival structure, which is one of the oldest courthouses and one of few that are left in this architectural style in Iowa. An addition was added to the building in 1890 and major repair work was completed in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe County Courthouse in Albia, Iowa, United States was built in 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration. In 1985 it was listed as a contributing property in the Albia Square and Central Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The county’s first courthouse was built in 1846. It featured a half-story sized room above the courtroom for jury deliberations. It was torn down in 1860 and replaced by a medieval style building in the town park. The cornerstone for the present courthouse was laid on August 29, 1902. It is constructed of heavy stone in the Romanesque Revival style for around $100,000.</p><br>
<p>The Mahaska County Courthouse in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States was built in 1886. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mahaska County’s first courthouse was built during the winter of 1844-1845. It was a two-story frame structure that measured 28 by. It also served as a church and opera house. The county discontinued using the building in 1855 and rented office space in town to carry out the various county functions. The present courthouse was built in the Romanesque Revival style on part of the Oskaloosa public park. It was built at a cost of $132,000 and was dedicated in 1886. The grounds feature a statue of Chief Mahaska.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson County Courthouse in Fairfield, Iowa, United States was built from 1890 to 1893. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jefferson County’s first courthouse was built in 1840. It was a two-story frame structure with a gabled roof. The building was destroyed in a fire in 1916. It was replaced by a 40 by structure that was built of brick in 1851. Because the building was in poor condition court sessions were held in Harmony Church starting in 1880. A poor economy delayed the construction of a new courthouse until construction was begun on the present building in 1890. The Romanesque Revival building was completed three years later at a cost of $73,630.87. The exterior is constructed in Cleveland grey sandstone and brick. The interior features wood work in native oak. The clock tower was modified in 1948.</p><br>
<p>The Washington County Courthouse in Washington, Iowa, United States was built in 1887. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. In 2013 it was included as a contributing property in the Washington Downtown Historic District. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Washington County’s first courthouse was an 28 by frame building built in 1859. It was used as a school house and church as well as a courthouse. The second courthouse was built in 1847. The county was not satisfied with the carpentry work performed so they deducted $50 from the cupola alone and $110 on the balance of the building. The present courthouse was built for $75,000 in 1887.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse for Washington County is considered an excellent example of Victorian Romanesque courthouses in Iowa. It features a variety of arch forms, and a three-stage clock tower. It was constructed of locally made bricks and was trimmed in stone. The bell in the clock tower is made of bronze, tin and brass.</p><br>
<p>Hessilhead Loch or Hazelhead Loch was situated in a low-lying area near the old Castle of Hessilhead in the Parish of Beith, North Ayrshire, Scotland. The old loch, used in the defence of the castle, was probably infilled when the castle ruins were landscaped in the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Defensive use</h3><br>
<p>In 1956 the Royal Commission recorded that Hessilhead Castle has been demolished. Extensive quarrying around the site has removed any possible traces of a moat. No building vestiges remain. The drainage from the quarry does use what was once a moat Timothy Pont in around 1604 records that the castle was protected by substantial ditches and stood on a loch. This loch has long since been drained and the ditches filled in. Dobie sees the loch and ditches as the only defensive features of the site.</p><br>
<p>The Kilmarnock Standard in 1949 wrote an article Ancient Ayrshire Castles in which it was stated that the castle stood in the middle of a loch with ditches, presumably meaning a moat.</p><br>
<h3>Drainage</h3><br>
<p>The loch&#39;s drainage may have begun in the early 18th century when Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, was pursuing a number of agricultural improvements on his extensive estates and other landowners followed his example. Further drainage work may have taken place in the 1740s as part of the improvements undertaken to provide employment for Montgomerie Irish estate workers during the Irish potato famines of the 1740s and the mid 19th centuries.</p><br>
<h3>Curling Pond</h3><br>
<p>The OS map of 1911-12 shows that a curling pond was excavated on part of the old loch site. This pond was abandoned by 1958 as it is no longer shown.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>Blaeus map of 1654, dating from Timothy Ponts survey of circa 1604, clearly shows the loch and indicates that it and the outflow nearly surrounded the castle site. Roys map of 1747 shows the loch present, situated on the edge of an inflow burn. Armstrongs map of 1775 and Thomson&#39;s map of 1832 do not record a loch.</p><br>
<p>The 19th century Ordnance Survey maps show the site as an area free of trees and later (1911–12) as the site of a curling pond. In 2011 the drainage here remains inadequate and the area is dominated by marsh plants.</p><br>
<p>The North Church of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States, is a historic Congregational church located in Market Square. Sited directly across from the Portsmouth Athenæum, it features an Italianate edifice and a steeple visible from most of the city, the Piscataqua River, and communities on its western bank in Maine. Its spire has been referred to as Portsmouths "landmark of record". The church is home to Portsmouths United Church of Christ congregation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first church built in Portsmouth was constructed in 1657 near a milldam. Another church building was built on a corner of the same 50 acre glebe at the corner of Congress Street and Pleasant Street roughly fifty years later. A large clock and bell were added in 1749. The church kept extensive records of baptisms, marriages, and funerals of members.</p><br>
<p>Prominent members included William Whipple, John Langdon, and Daniel Webster. President George Washington attended a service during his visit to New Hampshire in 1789.</p><br>
<p>Members of the church were required to purchase pews. A majority of the black people in Portsmouth attended North Church, which appointed an overseer to ensure that they paid proper attention during the sermon. The church often paid indigent members of the community small sums of money to do menial tasks.</p><br>
<p>The second church was replaced by a new building in 1835, although the same clock, bell, and furnishings were used.</p><br>
<p>In 1854 the church building was demolished and a new building by Towle & Foster of Boston was erected at a cost of $30,000. A new organ was added in 1890.</p><br>
<h3>Recent developments</h3><br>
<p>The church was renovated in 1978, as part of efforts to enhance the beauty of Market Square. In 2005 a vandal struck the church and caused $26,000 worth of damage. The case remained unsolved for four years until blood used to write a message at the scene was matched to a man from Maine. In May 2006 the building&#39;s roof and steeple underwent a major renovation and a new spire was installed. Two months later the new spire was damaged by strong winds during a thunderstorm.</p><br>
<p>In addition to hosting the services of the North Church congregation, the building is also rented out for concerts and worship services held by congregations that lack their own building.</p><br>
<h2>Theology</h2><br>
<p>North Church has always been a Congregational church, and encountered persecution after Charles II of England passed the Act of Uniformity in 1662.</p><br>
<p>North Church is now a member of the United Church of Christ denomination.</p><br>
<p>The Beasley Mounds Site   is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located at the confluence of Dixon Creek and the Cumberland River near the unincorporated community of Dixon Springs in Smith County, Tennessee. The site was first excavated by amateur archaeologists in the 1890s. More examples of Mississippian stone statuary have been found at the site than any other in the Middle Tennessee area. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Beasley site was a large village area with one large platform mound 8 ft in height and 125 ft in diameter and three smaller ones. The first of the smaller mounds was located 300 ft east of the larger mound and was 3 ft high and 125 ft in diameter. The other two mounds were located to the south and southeast of this mound and were both about 2 ft to 3 ft in height and about 100 ft in diameter. The site was surrounded by a low embankment with regular rises thought to have once been a wooden defensive palisade with bastions. Located outside the palisade on a steep bluff overlooking the Cumberland were two small stone mounds, similar to ones found at the Castalian Springs and Sellars Mound sites. In this area several large stone box graves and mortuary caves have also been found.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated in 1895 by Sam Stone Bush, an amateur archaeologist and friend of William E. Myer. Myer supplied the only description of the site from this period, important now because much of the site has been leveled and farmed extensively since then. no modern excavations have taken place at the site, making it one of the most poorly studied burial centers in the Middle Cumberland Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Important finds</h3><br>
<p>Bush&#39;s excavations at the site produced stone pipes, stone discoidals used for the game of chunkey and numerous examples of Mississippian culture pottery specific to the Nashville Basin area. This pottery, Matthew Incised var. Matthews, gives a rough chronology for the sites occupation as belonging to the 14th century up to the early 15th century. In 1898 a farmer plowing fields on the site discovered five stone statues and the fragment of the head of another all within a 50 ft area just 30 ft from the main platform mound. This area is theorized by archaeologists to have been the location of a large civic or mortuary structure. All of the statues and fragments were later acquired by Myers. Another statue, number 7, was also plowed from the same location at some time prior to 1923, which Myer also subsequently acquired. After his death Myers widow sold four of the statues to the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1927 and are now part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. This is the largest collection of Mississippian stone statues found in the Middle Tennessee area.</p><br>
<p>The Brick Church Mound and Village Site   is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located in Nashville in Davidson County, Tennessee. It was excavated in the late nineteenth century by Frederic Ward Putnam. During excavations in the early 1970s the site produced a unique cache of ceramic figurines very similar in style to Mississippian stone statuary which are now on display at the Frank H. McClung Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places  on May 7, 1973 as NRIS number 73001759 although this did not save the site from being almost totally destroyed by residential development.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>Like many other sites in central Tennessee during the Mississippian period the Brick Church Pike Mounds Site was a multi-mound village with an encircling defensive palisade. The site had a large platform mound (Mound A) 23 ft high and 155 ft on the north–south axis by 147 fton the east–west axis and several smaller mounds. On a ridge next to the mound were many stone box graves of a type found throughout the Cumberland region. Most sites during this time and in this general location were located along tributary streams of major rivers. Larger sites such as this were not drastically different from the dispersed hamlets of their hinterlands but they did offer increased protection during times of instability. While politically autonomous from each other, sites in the area still shared a material cultural with other sites in the region such as Sellars, Old Town, and Mound Bottom. Brick Church Pike Mounds was first described and excavated in 1877 by Frederic Ward Putnam and given a brief mention in the writings of William E. Myer in the early twentieth century though it is unclear if he actually visited it. After this the site remained mostly undisturbed except for farming until the latter half of the twentieth century. During the last 30 years of the twentieth century the site was almost completely destroyed, razed for the building of a residential area and the Ewing Baptist Church, although salvage archaeology did take place.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>In 1877 a crew of 6 to 8 men led by Putnam tunneled into Mound A looking for an interior burial chamber. Upon not finding one, they then filled in their excavations and restored the shape of the mound. Putnam noted many of the features of the site when he published his findings in 1878. The site would not be professionally investigated again for almost a century. In the summer of 1969 Dr. Charle Fletcher of Vanderbilt University conducted a field school and did limited archaeological sampling at the site, although the results of his studies remain unpublished. A few years later in the summer of 1971 a local youth discovered a unique set of ceramic figurines at the site. John Dowd, a respected avocational archaeologist from Nashville, was contacted and after vising the location started the first photographically recorded excavations at the site. In the fall 1971 Mack Prichard the State of Tennessee’s first modern state archaeologist visited the site and was instrumental in getting it added to the NRHP but was not able to raise the funds need to buy and save the site form residential development. In 1983 the rest of the site not already destroyed was purchased for the purposes of building a new residential neighborhood. Over the next several years a series of salvage archaeology operations were undertaken by Robert Jolley and later the Division of Archaeology. Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s periodic excavations took place as the site was further developed, especially after changes in state law afforded Native American graves protections equal to Euro-American graves and forced the construction companies to do archaeological surveys to find possible grave sites.</p><br>
<h3>Important finds</h3><br>
<p>In 1971 an unusual and unique set of ceramic figurines was discovered in the platform like ridge adjacent to Mound A. Excavations by John Dowd at the site of their discovery revealed a 17 ft by 8 ft clay floor from Mississippian period house that had burned down. The figurines themselves were of an adult male and adult female pair and two children of each sex, as well as pieces from additional figurines. The male has an elaborate hair style which includes the beaded forelock seen on figures in Southeastern Ceremonial Complex warrior images. The figures sit in a cross-legged fashion, with their hands on their knees, similar to Mississippian stone statuary found throughout the Tennessee-Cumberland region. Dowd was eventually able to acquire the figurines from the young man who had discovered them and has loaned them to the Frank H. McClung Museum of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, where they are on display.</p><br>
<p>Excavations throughout the 1970s by Jolley turned up many examples of Mississippian culture pottery, including two common varieties Mississippi Plain or Neelys Ferry Plain. Other finer wares were also found including examples Bell Plain, Kimmswick Fabric Impressed, Manly Punctate, Matthews Incised, a hooded water bottle fragment, one plate fragment with a grooved rim, several ceramic disks and a ceramic cylinder. Numerous examples of stone tools were found, including several hoes and a dagger of Dover chert. Excavations of a midden deposit in October 1999 produced a wealth of cultural material, including a unique perforated owl effigy rattle.</p><br>
<p>The Jacobsville Finnish Lutheran Church is a church located near Jacobsville, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1977 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, a wave of Finnish immigrants settled in the Keweenaw Peninsula to work the mines and associated industries. Although the area that is now Jacobsville was first settled in the mid-19th century, the community proper did not coalesce until 1884, when the nearby red sandstone quarries were opened. Jacobsville was populated mostly by Finns, and by 1886, there were enough immigrants in the Jacobsville area that they organized a new congregation: the Jacobsville Finnish Lutheran church, part of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. The first worship services were held in various locations; however, in 1888 the congregation built this simple frame church for their services. In 1891, the church was placed atop its stone foundation, and in 1892 a tower with bell was added to the front.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, the congregation joined the Gloria Dei Lutheran congregation of Hancock. The church itself continues to be used for services in the summer, and retains the original furnishings, kerosene lamps and wood stove. In 1975, the foundation was reinforced and the roof was reshingled; however, no other improvements to the original structure have been made. It has neither electricity nor plumbing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jacobsville Finnish Lutheran Church is a one-story frame structure built in a rectangular plan. A square belltower containing the main entrance projects from the front. The exterior is covered with wooden siding covers the walls and the gable roof is covered with cedar shingles. The building sits on an 1891 stone foundation. The interior if the church is simply decorated, and many original elements remain, including kerosine lamps and the heating stove. Outhouses are located at one end of the building.</p><br>
<p>Yester House is an early 18th-century mansion near Gifford in East Lothian, Scotland. It was the home of the Hay family, later Marquesses of Tweeddale, from the 15th century until the late 1960s. Construction of the present house began in 1699, and continued well into the 18th century in a series of building phases. It is now protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds of the house are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lands of Yester were granted to Hugo de Giffard, a Norman, in the 12th century. Yester Castle, around 1 mi south-east of the present house, was built by the Giffords in the later 13th century.</p><br>
<p>The heiress of the Giffords married into the Hay family, who were raised to the peerage in 1488 as Lord Hay of Yester. In 1646 the 8th Lord Hay was created Earl of Tweeddale, and considered the building of a new house at Yester. The 1st Earl acquired his title for his support of Charles I, but later served in two Commonwealth Parliaments. His son, the 2nd Earl of Tweeddale, was appointed to the Privy Council of Scotland after the Restoration. He began improvements to the estate, including the planting of over 6,000 acres of woodland. It was around this time that the medieval village of Yester was moved to its current location at Gifford. The Earl consulted Sir William Bruce in 1670, with a view to commissioning a new house, although nothing was done at this time. Formal gardens were established and parkland laid out through the 1680s and 1690s.</p><br>
<p>For his support of William of Orange, the 2nd Earl was appointed Lord Chancellor of Scotland in 1692 and 1st Marquess of Tweeddale in 1694. John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale, who inherited the estate in 1697, appointed James Smith and Alexander McGill to begin work on a new house in 1697. The 2nd Marquess supported the Acts of Union and served at Westminster as a representative peer. When he died in 1713 the building work was still underway; the main house was complete by 1715, when the 3rd Marquess died.</p><br>
<p>John Hay, 4th Marquess of Tweeddale, also served as a representative peer from 1722. The interior of the house was complete by 1728, but in 1729 the 4th Marquess appointed William Adam to make alterations to the roof and main façade, and in the mid-1730s to the interiors. William was succeeded as architect at Yester by his sons Robert and John, who carried out alterations inside in 1761, and another redesign of the façade in the 1780s, as well as redesigning the gardens in an informal style in the 1760s. The house was altered in the 1830s, with the entrance moved to the west front, and was modernised at the end of the 19th century by Robert Rowand Anderson for the 11th Marquess.</p><br>
<p>The estate was sold in the late 1960s after the death of William Hay, 11th Marquess of Tweeddale, in 1967, to two antiques dealers. After Menotti&#39;s death, the house was marketed by his family with a price of between £12 million and £15 million. According to the sales particulars the house has a gross internal area of 3,213 m&sup2;. In September 2010 the guide price was reduced to £8 million, with the exclusion of 120 hectare of woodlands from the sale. In 2015 the estate was sold to Nicola and Gareth Wood, son of Sir Ian Wood.</p><br>
<p>Munger Terrace is a landmarked apartment block in Duluth, Minnesota, United States. It was originally eight luxury townhouses.</p><br>
<p>The building, in brick with brownstone trim, was constructed in 1891-92 for Roger S. Munger, an important early Duluth entrepreneur, on a site next to his Victorian Gothic mansion; the houses were rentals, Munger&#39;s only such project. The architects were Oliver G. Traphagen and Francis W. Fitzpatrick; the style of the building is sometimes described as Richardsonian Romanesque revival sometimes as "Châteauesque." The National Register of Historic Places lists it as Renaissance. The townhouses were all different and had sixteen rooms, separate front and back stairs, central steam heat, running water on all floors, gas for cooking, and electric lighting. The site on the Central Hillside below North 5th Street between North 4th and North 5th Avenues West was three blocks above the tower of the Post Office downtown, and gardens with fountains and a gazebo were laid out on the slope in front of the building.</p><br>
<p>The project&#39;s original name was Piedmont Terrace, but Piedmont Avenue below was renamed Mesabi Avenue and is now Mesaba Avenue; a different Duluth street is now called Piedmont Avenue. The current address of the building is 405 Mesaba Avenue.</p><br>
<p>One of the original tenants was the Benedictine Sisters, who rented the three westernmost units (6 through 8) and used two rooms on the second floor of unit 8 as a chapel. They started a school there that was a forerunner of the College of St. Scholastica. The nuns left after outgrowing the space.</p><br>
<p>Mungers house was demolished in 1955. Its carriage house, on 5th Street, has been retained as a caretakers house but its trim has been removed. In 1915 the townhouses were divided into apartments. In the 1970s Mesaba Avenue was widened and much of the land in front of the building lost; what is left is a lawn, and that part of 4th Avenue is now a step street. Munger Terrace was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1976. In 1978-79 the building was extensively rehabilitated by the non-profit Town View Improvement Corporation, with new windows, skylights, roof, heating, utilities, and kitchen equipment and the addition of sprinklers. It remains rental accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Knockewart Loch or Loch Jargon was situated in a hollow lying area beneath Knockewart Hill in the Parish of Ardrossan, North Ayrshire, Scotland. The old loch has become largely drained and overgrown since the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The loch is recorded as Loch Jargon on the earlier maps after the prominent fort situated nearby. Once Knockewart Farm was established the maps use this name for it.</p><br>
<p>The Ordnance Survey Map of 1897 shows the loch as having been drained through a breaching of the natural dam bank and a significant deepening of the outflow for a distance of a hundred metres or so.</p><br>
<p>In 1858 Fullarton records that it was once a haunt of pike, however, the accumulation of vegetable matter in the bed of their domain made it unlikely that pike could survive and that it was now an excellent site for the breeding of wild ducks. By 1876 Dobie records that the loch has nearly dried up and is little more than a swamp. In 1887 the Natural History Society of Glasgow had an excursion to West Kilbride and observed in their transactions that &#39;the party reached Knockewart Loch, a small sheet of water which is now almost wholly covered with a growth of surface vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The loch&#39;s drainage may have begun in the 18th century when Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, was pursuing a number of agricultural improvements on his extensive estates and other landowners followed his example. Intensive drainage work may have taken place as part of the improvements undertaken to provide employment for Irish estate workers during the Irish potato famines of the mid-19th century. Many drainage schemes also date to the end of World War I when many soldiers returned en masse to civilian life.</p><br>
<p>Busbie Muir Reservoir was constructed in the glen beneath the loch, opening in 1903. The loch&#39;s outfall water still drain into it before continuing as the Rowanside Burn, joining the Stanley Burn, flowing over the aqueduct at the Parkhouse Cutting and running into the sea at Ardrossan South Beach. The reservoir is now used by the Ardrossan Eglinton Angling Club.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>A cairn and possible vitrified fort are located at North Hill in the Knockewart Hill (NS 2387 4806). An enclosure (NS 2356 4812) is located near rising ground that has the appearance of having once been cleared of stone and cultivated. No field plots or clearance heaps are identifiable. A well-preserved fort is present at Knock Jargon, upon a rock outcrop with steep sides. Surrounding the summit are the remains of two ramparts and ditches constructed upon the slopes, best preserved on the south side where each is broken by an entrance. Campbell records that Knockjargon is built upon a Neolithic hilltop burial cairn. Cup-and-ring marked stones are to be found at nearby Blackshaw Hill. Smith records the name Knock-Georgan. A fort with a double ditch cut from rock is located near Coalhill.</p><br>
<h3>Lairds</h3><br>
<p>Knook-Ewart (sic) belonged after the Battle of Largs, to the Crawfurds of Auchnames; subsequently it came into the possession of the Mures of Caldwell. In 1713 John Simson of Kirkton-hall, parish of Kilbride, purchased the property; he was the father of Dr Robert Simson, professor of mathematics in the University of Glasgow. The professor never married, and the estate was purchased from his representative, in 1787, by James Montgomerie, Esq., a magistrates of Irvine, a descendant of Adam Montgomerie of Broadstane near Beith. On his death, it was inherited by his eldest daughter, Mary, who married Captain John Brooks, of the 20th regiment, who became proprietor in right of his wife.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>Blaeus map of 1654, dating from Timothy Ponts survey of circa 1604, clearly shows the loch and erroneously indicates that its outflow entered the sea near Montfode. A dwelling named Iargan is recorded and a Knokawart. Herman Molls map of 1745 marks, but does not name the loch. Roys map of 1747 shows and names Loch Jargen, situated without an inflow burn. Armstrongs map of 1775 does not show the loch, but Knock Jargon fort is clearly marked. William Aitons map of 1811 shows a loch at Jargon, however, the outflow runs in entirely the wrong direction. Thomson&#39;s map of 1832 marks and records Loch Jargon.</p><br>
<p>The 1854-9 Ordnance Survey map show the loch as open water with small areas of woodland above and below. In 2011 the drainage here remains inadequate and the area is dominated by marsh plants.</p><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>Knockjargon is a distinctive and ancient name as indicated by evidence from old maps. The word Jargoun in Scots, dating from as early as 1340–70, refers to the twittering or chattering of birds. Knock is from the Gaelic, An Cnoc, refers to a small hill, and as such often fortified.</p><br>
<h2>Natural History</h2><br>
<p>The old loch is a designated wildlife site, surveyed by the Scottish Wildlife Trust in 1982, with the following observations - "The loch, which is now completely vegetated being covered in a sphagnum carpet, is extremely interesting. It supports a number of plant communities and a diversity of plant species including cotton grass, bottle sedge and various mosses, especially Polytrichum commune. The margins are dominated by sharp-flowered rush and the wetland area grades out to dry land where soft rush and grasses dominate."</p><br>
<p>The site is well suited to birds of prey, snipe and curlew. Willow warbler, tawny owl, chaffinch have been recorded and roe deer are present, together with common lizard and frog. Botanically the site is dominated by sphagnum mosses and heathers with the carnivorous sundew commonly encountered. The roe deer have prevented regeneration of the areas of woodland.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The fishing rights on the Rowanside and Stanley Burns were held by the Earls of Eglinton and at one time reservoirs were also present at Whitlees, Parkhouse and Millglen.</p><br>
<p>Coalhill is named from the coal that was once mined on its eastern edge.</p><br>
<p>The Swimming River Reservoir is a reservoir in Monmouth County, New Jersey. It is located on the border of Colts Neck and Lincroft. The Swimming River ends up in the reservoir, as well as other small tributaries. The Swimming River Reservoir is managed by New Jersey American Water Company and provides drinking water for residents of Monmouth County. The reservoir has a design peak capacity of 159 megalitres per day. All drainage from Colts Neck empties into the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Some local roads that cross over the Swimming River Reservoir include Phalanx Road, Swimming River Road (both in Lincroft), Laird Road, and Long Bridge Road (both in Colts Neck). Brookdale Community College is located on the northern bank of the reservoir. Dorbrook Recreational Area and Thompson Park are also nearby the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>There are several types of waterfowl and mergansers in the reservoir that migrate during the winter season. Other species include Canada geese, herons, vultures, American coots, swans, and different types of fish, including white perch, yellow perch, and smelts.</p><br>
<p>The Caballo Mountains,  are a mountain range located in Sierra and Doña Ana Counties, New Mexico, United States. The range is located east of the Rio Grande and Caballo Lake, and west of the Jornada del Muerto; the south of the range extends into northwest Doña Ana County. The nearest towns are Truth or Consequences and Hatch.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Caballo Mountains are located on land owned by the Bureau of Land Management. The mountains are unusual, and perhaps unique in New Mexico, for the relatively complete geologic history revealed by their rocks. Vehicular access to the range is by Interstate 25 from the west, by New Mexico State Road 51 from the north, and by several dirt roads from the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Caballo Mountains trend north and south, with a length of approximately 32 miles (50 km). The width of the range varies from 3–6 miles (5–10 km). The highest point on the range, Timber Mountain (7,565 feet), has a topographic prominence of approximately 3,400 feet.</p><br>
<p>The types, sizes, and profiles of the Caballo watersheds vary significantly according to the part of the range that they drain. No perennial streams flow through the mountains, although the course of the Rio Grande is close to the north, west, and south margins of the range. The northern part of the Caballos drains into the Rio Grande through Ash Canyon and Mescal Canyon. The confluences of those two intermittent streams are just below Elephant Butte Dam. Water falling on the precipitous west face of the range drains directly into the Rio Grande by means of numerous first order canyons with high gradients. All are ephemeral and less than 3 miles in length.</p><br>
<p>In contrast, the eastern side has only two primary drainages, each with a much lower gradient than those to the north and west. Water falling on the southern half of the east side flows into Barbee Draw. After joining another tributary near Point of Rocks to form Rincon Arroyo, this ephemeral drainage flows southward before joining the Rio Grande near Rincon, New Mexico. The length of this drainage is over 25 miles. The north portion of the east side is drained by Jornada Draw. This drainage, however, is endorheic and has no surface connection to the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The geological importance of the Caballo Mountains lies in the variety and scope of their exposed rocks. Geologists can assess exposed rock formations in several ways. Relative dating compares the formation&#39;s bedding location in comparison with other formations nearby. This allows not only the identification of the older and younger formations, but conclusions about unusual local conditions, such as folding, a fault displacement, or an unconformity. Absolute dating measures the presence and ratios of chemicals within the rocks to determine the number of years since they were deposited. The conditions existing when the rock was deposited can be determined by examining its type (igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary), the orientation and size of crystals or sediments within it, and the orientation of the formation within its larger regional setting. By studying plant and animal fossils that may exist in the formation, it may be possible to determine not only its relative age, but the climate at the time of deposition.</p><br>
<p>Weathering and erosion remove any rock that is exposed at the surface of the Earth. Consequently, there are no sites where all rocks deposited at that location have been preserved. Certain sites, however, may have more complete geological histories because of differences in the timing and circumstances of rock removal. The Caballo Mountains are essentially unique in New Mexico because their section of exposed rocks begins in Precambrian time, and runs through every geological period of the Phanerozoic eon with the exceptions of the Triassic and Jurassic. This provides an unparalleled picture of the geological history of southern New Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>Stratigraphy</h3><br>
<p>The basement rocks of the Caballos include plutons of granite, and metamorphic amphibolite and gneiss. These rocks date from the Early to Middle Proterozoic, and are found along the base of the larger fault blocks.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the early and middle Paleozoic southern New Mexico alternated between being flooded by shallow tropical seas, and being exposed to erosion. Sedimentary deposits of early and middle Paleozoic age include:</p><br>
<p>Bliss Formation of arkosic sandstone and siltstone (Cambrian to Ordovician).</p><br>
<p>El Paso Formation of dolomites and limestones (Ordovician)</p><br>
<p>Montoya Formation of dolomites and cherty dolomites (Ordovician)</p><br>
<p>Fusselman Dolomite (Silurian)</p><br>
<p>Percha Shale (Devonian)</p><br>
<p>Lake Valley Formation of limestones and cherty limestones (Mississippian)</p><br>
<p>An unconformity exists above the Lake Valley Formation, and appears to include the middle Mississippian through the early Pennsylvanian periods. During the Pennsylvanian and Permian periods, a major deformation created a series of uplifts and intermontane basins. This event is often referred to as the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Associated with this event is the Magdalena Group, which includes deposits of both marine and non-marine sources. The thickness of these strata is greater than that of all earlier Paleozoic rocks. Above the Magdalena Group is the Red House Formation of packstone and shale, the Nakaye Formation of limestone, the Bar B Formation of interbedded limestone, dolomite, shale, and conglomerate, and the red shale beds of the Abo Formation. All of those strata are Pennsylvanian in age. Above them is thePermian Yeso Formation, which consists of sandstones, siltstone-dolomites, and limestones. The Paleozoic strata are completed by the Meseta Blanca Sandstone.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Mesozoic rocks are missing from the Caballo geological history. A second unconformity lies above the Meseta Blanca Sandstone, and includes all of the Triassic and Jurassic periods. The next oldest rocks are of Cretaceous age and include:</p><br>
<p>Dakota Sandstone</p><br>
<p>Rio Salado Tongue Member of Mancos Shale</p><br>
<p>Tres Hermanos Formation of sandstones</p><br>
<p>Cross Tongue Member of Mancos Shale</p><br>
<p>Gallup Sandstone</p><br>
<p>Crevasse Canyon Formation of sandstones and mudstones</p><br>
<p>McRae Formation of sandstones, tuff, and conglomerate</p><br>
<p>The Mesozoic rocks terminate below another unconformity. Above that is the Love Ranch Formation of conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone, which was deposited in the Paleocene to early Eocene. During the Eocene, a wave of arc volcanism was felt across southern New Mexico. In the Caballo Mountains, this can be seen in the Palm Park Formation, a thick layer of andesitic or tuffaceous mudstones, sandstones, and breccia. Next is the Bell Top Formation, which consists of rhyolite, basalt flows, and tuffaceous sandstones. In the southern part of the Caballo Mountains, there are remnants of a region wide sheet of flood basalts and andesite, which was laid during the Oligocene. Of similar age is the Thurman Formation of white sandstone. The Santa Fe Group was deposited during the Miocene and Pliocene.This thick layer consists of the Hayner Ranch Formation (conglomerate, sandstone and shale), the Rincon Valley Formation (conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone), the Selden basalts, and the Camp Rice/Palomas Formations (ash fall deposits, basalts, and pumice-clast conglomerates). Quaternary and Holocene deposits consist of alluvium. On the west side of the range along the Rio Grande, the alluvial fill consists of unconsolidated fluvial deposits of boulders, cobble, and gravel. In the closed basin on the east side of the range, there are relatively few fluvial deposits. Instead, the sediment includes a flat, thin veneer of sand and gravel.</p><br>
<h3>Tectonics</h3><br>
<p>The Rio Grande Rift is a continental rift zone, which extends approximately 680 miles (~1,100 km) from central Colorado in the north to the state of Chihuahua, Mexico in the south. It is the product of extensional tectonic (or divergent) forces that formed a series of basins between the Colorado Plateau and the North American craton Thin continental crust, normal fault block topography, high regional elevation, and volcanism is found over the course of the rift.</p><br>
<p>The history of movement along the rift has been divided into three separate stages: an initial stage during the late Eocene to early Oligocene, a second stage during the late Oligocene to late Miocene, and a third stage beginning in the late Miocene or early Pliocene and continuing to the recent past. Activity in the vicinity of the Caballos during the first stage included explosive rhyolitic eruptions from cauldrons located to the northwest, west, and southeast. The earliest eruptions took place in the Dona Ana Mountains and Organ Mountains between 36.2 and 35.4 Ma. The Emory cauldron, located in the Black Range, was active approximately 34.9 Ma. What is now the San Mateo Mountains (Socorro County) contained at least two cauldrons, the Nogal Canyon cauldron (28.6 Ma) and the Mount Withington cauldron (27.4 Ma). Local subsiding appears to have begun around 34.9 Ma. The Caballo Mountains began to rise in the late Oligocene, and throughout the Miocene. Approximately 9.6 Ma, the eruption of basalts near Fort Selden signaled the renewal of crustal extension and volcanism in the southern part of the rift. Activity along both older and new faults increased the number, but decreased the width of basins along this portion of the rift.</p><br>
<h3>Economic Geology</h3><br>
<p>The Caballo Mountains have few large intrusives, and as a result, hydrothermal mineralization is not extensive. Nevertheless, prospecting in the range began in about 1883, and several mines opened in the first decade of the 20th century. Production has been concentrated in three areas:</p><br>
<p>Northern Red Hills - fluorspar</p><br>
<p>Palomas Gap - copper, vanadium, lead, and fluorspar</p><br>
<p>Southern Caballos - gold, fluorspar, barite, and manganese</p><br>
<p>It has been estimated that the total value of copper, silver, gold, and lead produced from the Caballos before 1952 did not exceed $200,000. At present, more fluorspar is produced than any other mineral. The largest fluorspar deposits are found in Precambrian granite, and jasperized Fusselman Dolomite.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>As is the case with many other mountain ranges in southern New Mexico, the Caballo Mountains impose extreme demands on ecological communities. With the exception of the intermittent streams in the northern part of the range, and the area in close proximity to the Rio Grande, there is very little permanent water. Precipitation quickly evaporates, runs off, or soaks into the ground, leaving little for plants or animals. Consequently, water management is a critical factor for both plants and animals.</p><br>
<p>Soils on the mountains are generally rocky and thin.</p><br>
<p>Plant communities can be generally characterized as Chihuahuan desert scrublands, creosotebush desert, and desert grasslands. Dominant shrub species include creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), soaptree yucca (Yucca elata), and four winged saltbush (Atriplex canescens). Common grasses include black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides).</p><br>
<p>The most common mammalian predators are mountain lions (Felis concolor) and coyotes (Canis latrans). Other common mammals are Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail, (Sylvilagus auduboni) and kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami and Dipodomys spectabilis).</p><br>
<p>Common birds of prey include golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Swainson&#39;s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), and burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). Other birds include roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), quail (Callipepla gambelii and Callipepla squamata), doves (Zenaida macroura and Zenaida asiatica).</p><br>
<p>Common reptiles include Collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris), Roundtail Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma modestum), Striped whipsnake (Masticophis taeniatus), and Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox).</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Other sources</h2><br>
<p>The Wapello County Courthouse in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States was built in 1894. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration. It is part of the Central Park area, which includes: Ottumwa Public Library, Ottumwa City Hall and St. Mary of the Visitation Catholic Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wapello County’s first courthouse was a single-story log cabin. It was replaced in 1846 by a two-story brick structure that was built for $1,000. The first floor was used as a school house, church, courthouse, dancehall and a place for political meetings. The second floor was used for office space. The building was destroyed in a fire in 1872 and was replaced by another brick structure that served the county until 1891. The present courthouse was built for $135,000 and was dedicated in 1894.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The present courthouse was constructed of rough-cut sandstone in the Romanesque Revival style made popular by Henry Hobson Richardson. The four-story building measures 101 by and a statue of Chief Wapello rests on a pedestal high above the main entrance. Until 1950 the building featured a clock tower and spire on the corner. It was removed for safety reasons. The massive round arch entry is mimicked in the floor above by the triple window with the arched opening in the center. The cluster of columns that flank the entrance are made of granite and the columns that flank and are in between the windows above the entrance are smooth limestone. A foliated pattern appears above the granite columns. The cornice, just below the roofline, features small square-cut stone blocks called dentils.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been renovated over the course of years, but it does feature an ornate cast-iron staircase behind the elevator shaft. The newel post is a short, squat column with a foliated capital. The ironwork on the balustrade is a combination of linear and curvilinear forms. Colorful glazed tile floors are found above the first floor of the building. Various colors and designs are used in different parts of the building.</p><br>
<p>The wainscoting on the first floor is made of yellow and blue glazed tiles that were popular in the 1890s. In the rest of the building it is composed of decorative wood panels. It features fluted pilasters and square panels with flowers. The doorways are deeply recessed and feature a transom above a multi-paneled door. The framing is milled woodwork that creates the effect of a fluted pilaster, as well as decorative corner and side blocks. The corner blocks feature a fleur-de-lis pattern and the side blocks feature various floral patterns. A simple cornice tops each doorway. The woodwork continues in the courtroom. Behind the judge’s bench is a decorative panel that contains a classical urn with a vine and leaf pattern and the Latin phrase Fiat Justitia, “Let there be Justice.” Another panel is on the front of the bench and contains a female figure in the middle surrounded by foliage and two banners that repeat the Latin phrase.</p><br>
<p>North Wales is a historic plantation and national historic district located in Fauquier County, Virginia near Warrenton, Virginia. Currently it is a 1,287.9 acre historic district that includes a manor home and farm. A date of significance for the site is 1776. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The listed area includes work by Arthur Little and other architects and/or builders. It includes Georgian and Colonial Revival architecture in 38 contributing buildings, eight contributing sites and contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>The estate on 1,471 acres was sold to former Goldman Sachs partner David B. Ford September 30, 2014 for $21 Million. Ford has acquired other historic properties including the noted record-breaking purchase of Newport, RI Gilded Age mansion Miramar by architect Horace Trumbauer, for $17.15 million in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Community Building  is a building in Princeton, Iowa that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Community Building was partially constructed by Dr. John Knox as a three-story building as funds were made available to him. He planned for the building to house stores, offices, a ballroom, and a hospital. He never completed the building, however. He began construction in 1903 for a two-story structure before his local funding ran out. He was able to find investors in nearby Le Claire, Iowa and was able to complete a third floor and the roof before his funding ran out again. Knox could not secure any more funding for his project so the building&#39;s shell, without windows, sat empty while community leaders tried for 20 years to acquire and complete the project. The Community Building Company was formed in 1928, and they bought the structure and completed construction of the building for use by the local community. The Daniel Harring Company from Clinton, Iowa was hired to remodel the structure to make it two stories tall. When it was completed, the building featured a finished basement with a kitchen, two commercial storefronts, and an auditorium/hall with a stage on the second floor. So that the second story could have greater height, it incorporated the lower portion of the original third story. A community affair, which included a chicken dinner, speaker, carnival, and dance, opened the facility on November 22, 1928.</p><br>
<p>A variety of community functions were held in the Community Building as planned. Dances, plays, movies, and meetings were held in the hall on the second floor. The local Presbyterian and Lutheran churches held their chicken suppers in the basement. The International Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.F) held five shares in the Community Building Company. They, and their associated women&#39;s group the Rebekahs, held their regular meetings in the building. In February 1930 a local basketball team began to use the hall for a fee of $5 per game night and 40% of the proceeds over $7. The team installed the necessary equipment at their own expense. Use of the facility began to decline in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the dining room and its equipment could be rented for $10, the hall on the second floor was rented on a regular night for $15, or $25 for holidays, and the first floor retail spaces could be rented per month for $20 each.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Community Building is a two-story, five bay brick structure that was built on a stone foundation. It is capped with a barrel vault roof. It was designed in the Early Commercial architectural style. The main facade on the buildings east elevation features a distinctive arched parapet wall, with center and side crenellations. There were initially two entrances, one into each of the two store fronts, but the north entry was eliminated in 1963. By 1973 the brick wall on the second floor began to deteriorate so stucco was applied to secure the brick and the facade. The concrete handicap ramp with a brick veneer and a low metal rail was added when the city renovated the building. The south elevation is divided into six bays by brick pilasters. Originally it had a wider entry door at the rear for entry into the basement level and the second floor hall. What was a double-door entry has been reduced to a single door in subsequent years. A single-story, concrete block addition was built around 1963 onto the rear of the building for additional storage space for the Bolls Store. The addition features a gable-roof.</p><br>
<p>The Elijah P. Lovejoy Monument, also known as the Elijah Lovejoy Monument, Elijah Parrish Lovejoy Shaft, Lovejoy Monument, and Lovejoy State Memorial, is a memorial in the United States to the advocate of free speech and the abolition of slavery, who died fighting for these ideas when his newspaper, the Alton Observer, was attacked and destroyed by pro-slavery fanatics.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elijah P. Lovejoy was an abolitionist in the 1830s, running a newspaper called the St Louis Observer, in Missouri, a slave state. Slavery advocates attacked and destroyed his presses a number of times, driving him to move across the river to Alton, IL in 1837, where he renamed it the Alton Observer. Although Illinois was a free state, in November 1837, his presses were attacked for what would have been the fourth time. He and some supporters were in the warehouse where they were stored, and as the building was stormed, the attackers apparently began firing guns. Lovejoy and his men returned fire, but in the conflict Lovejoy was killed.</p><br>
<p>His death garnered national attention, and was viewed by abolitionists and others as a tragic martyrdom in the cause of both freedom of speech and the abolition of slavery. Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying:</p><br>
<p>Lovejoy&#39;s tragic death for freedom in every sense marked his sad ending as the most important single event that ever happened in the new world</p><br>
<p>By 1850, plans were made for a monument to Lovejoy&#39;s efforts and death, but it was not completed until 60 years after his death, when it was officially opened to the public on its anniversary.</p><br>
<p>Having been buried in an unmarked grave, Lovejoy&#39;s remains were exhumed years later, and placed in the cemetery that is now overlooked by his monument.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, work began in earnest on his monument. It was designed by R. P. Bringhurst, a St. Louis sculptor, and built by Culver Stone Company of Springfield, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The monument consists of a 93 foot tall main shaft topped by a 17-foot-tall winged statue of victory, which therefore stands over 300 feet above the Mississippi river below, with two side spires mounted by eagles, as well as two bronze lion chalice statues, and a stone whispering wall bench that wraps all the way around the central spire, allowing you to hear someone whispering completely out of sight on its opposite side.</p><br>
<p>Because it is based on the top of the river bluffs, the monument is easily seen from the distance, even when crossing the bridge over the Mississippi, from Missouri into Illinois, a considerable distance away.</p><br>
<p>The four sides of the central spire&#39;s pedestal contain quotes by Lovejoy, focusing on each aspect of his life:</p><br>
<p>Champion of Free Speech.</p><br>
<p>Salve, Victores!</p><br>
<p>&#39;Minister of the Gospel.</p><br>
<p>Moderator of Alton Presbytery,&#39;</p><br>
<p>&#39;Elijah P. Lovejoy,</p><br>
<p>Editor Alton Observer,&#39;</p><br>
<p>Albion, Maine, Nov. 8, 1802</p><br>
<p>Alton, Ill., Nov. 7, 1837.</p><br>
<p>A Martyr to Liberty.</p><br>
<p>Elijah Lovejoy Block 3.JPGStoryboard to the right of the monument as you climb the steps</p><br>
<p>The Ellisdale Fossil Site is located near Ellisdale in the valley of the Crosswicks Creek, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The site has produced the largest and most diverse fauna of Late Cretaceous terrestrial animals from eastern North America, including the type specimens of the teiid lizard Prototeius stageri and the batrachosauroidid salamander Parrisia neocesariensis. The site occurs within the basal portion of the Marshalltown Formation, and dates from the Campanian Stage of the Late Cretaceous. The site is classified as a Konzentrat-Lagerstätten resulting from a prehistoric coastal storm.</p><br>
<h2>History of the discovery</h2><br>
<p>The Ellisdale site was discovered in 1980 by two avocational paleontologists, Robert K. Denton Jr. and Robert C. O&#39;Neill, who brought it to the attention of David C. Parris, the Director of the Bureau of Natural History at the New Jersey State Museum. Parris encouraged the two collectors to continue monitoring the site, and within a few years hundreds of disarticulated bones of dinosaurs, crocodilians, turtles and fish had been donated to the New Jersey State Museum, which is the repository for the collection. The significance of the Ellisdale Site was recognized by the National Geographic Society which sponsored research under Society grants in 1986 and 1987. To date over 20,000 specimens have been collected. The Ellisdale Site is currently owned by Monmouth County Park System and is under the management of the New Jersey State Museum. Fossil collecting by the general public is prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Geological setting</h2><br>
<p>The Ellisdale site occurs within the basal portion of the Marshalltown Formation, of the Late Cretaceous Matawan Group of New Jersey. The exposures of the Marshalltown Formation at Ellisdale have basal lenticular bedded estuarine clays underlain by crossbedded coastal sands of the Englishtown Formation. The estuarine clays are overlain by well-sorted, crossbedded sand and offshore glauconites, respectively. The entire sequence is interpreted as preserving the landward migration of a barrier beach/backbay/estuarine/deltaic complex during the Marshalltown transgression. Vertebrate fossils are concentrated with rip-up clasts near the base of the estuarine clay sequence in a lag deposit consisting of siderite pebbles, poorly graded sand, and lignite. The fossil layer is considered a single-event storm deposit based on sedimentology and stratigraphy. The upper (marine) member of the Marshalltown was formerly considered latest Campanian in age, due to the presence of the foraminifer Globotruncana calcarata; however the G. calcarata zone has since been redated as Middle Campanian in age (75-76 ma). A recent study of fossil pollen from the estuarine strata enclosing the fossil layer has determined an Early to Mid-Campanian age for the stratum (76 - 80 ma) and a fresh or brackish water tidal marsh environment of deposition.</p><br>
<h2>Paleoecology and taphonomy</h2><br>
<p>Remains of animals from at least four paleoenvironments are represented at the Ellisdale Site: marine, lagoonal/backbay, estuarine/freshwater, and terrestrial. Mixed faunal assemblages of this type are typically associated with transgressive lag deposits, and result from the slow accumulation of transported skeletal remains in tidal channels, backbays, and lagoons. Wave action and storms relocated the bones of marine animals to shallow water, while river currents and flooding events transported and deposited the remains of freshwater and upland terrestrial animals such as crocodilians and dinosaurs.</p><br>
<p>Megafossils of at least three different types of plants have been found at the site: Liriodendron, Metasequoia, and Picea. In addition, possible remains of Mangrove roots have been found encased in siderite concretions. Amber has been found at the site occurring in small droplets, generally less than 5 millimeters in size. Taphonomic analysis of the Ellisdale fauna has revealed two distinctly different types of preservation. Bones of both marine and upland terrestrial animals are typically broken, heavily worn, and missing the outermost layer of bone (periosteum). Some bones show evidence of boring by the marine shipworm Teredo. In contrast, the bones of microvertebrates such as amphibians, lizards and mammals are much more complete, with delicate processes and the periosteum intact.</p><br>
<p>The small animal fauna of the site probably represents a "proximal" assemblage that lived at or near the final point of deposition, while the heavily worn bones represent a "distal" fauna. It is thought that the proximal fauna may have lived within a freshwater deltaic estuary that was affected by a coastal storm surge or a possible tsunami. The presence of numerous well-preserved amphibian fossils support the idea that the environment was freshwater, as amphibians are salt-intolerant. The disarticulated bones which accumulated in the lagoonal backbays by river transport, and in the shallow marine environment offshore, would have been mixed with the skeletal remains of the animals that lived within the delta as the storm surge swept over the estuary. Return flooding from the overfilled lagoons and estuarine channels after the storm&#39;s passage would have subsequently filled with debris, resulting in the mixed assemblage of animal and plant remains that are found at the site today.</p><br>
<h2>Faunal list</h2><br>
<h3>Chondrichthyes</h3><br>
<h4>Selachimorpha</h4><br>
<p>Hybodus sp.</p><br>
<p>Lonchidion sp.</p><br>
<p>cf. Paranomotodon angustidens</p><br>
<p>Pseudocorax granti</p><br>
<p>Squalicorax kaupi</p><br>
<p>Cretolamna appendiculata lata</p><br>
<p>Cretodus arcuata</p><br>
<p>Cretodus borodini</p><br>
<p>Scapanorhynchus texanus</p><br>
<p>Odontaspis samhammeri</p><br>
<p>Synodontaspis holmdelensis</p><br>
<p>Squatina hassei</p><br>
<h4>Batoidea</h4><br>
<p>Ischyrhiza mira</p><br>
<p>cf. Sclerorhynchus sp.</p><br>
<p>Ptychotrygon vermiculata</p><br>
<p>Ptychotrygon hooveri</p><br>
<p>Borodinopristis sp.</p><br>
<p>Rhombodus levis</p><br>
<p>Brachyrhizodus wichitaensis</p><br>
<p>Pseudohypolophus sp.</p><br>
<p>Protoplatyrhina sp.</p><br>
<h4>Chimaeriformes</h4><br>
<p>Ischyodus bifurcatus</p><br>
<h3>Osteichthyes</h3><br>
<p>Acipenser sp.</p><br>
<p>Amia cf. fragosa</p><br>
<p>Atractosteus occidentalis</p><br>
<p>Anomoeodus sp.</p><br>
<p>Pycnodontidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Paralbula casei</p><br>
<p>Albula sp.</p><br>
<p>Xiphactinus vetus</p><br>
<p>Enchodus petrosus</p><br>
<p>cf. Platacodon sp.</p><br>
<p>cf. Cimolichthyes sp.</p><br>
<h3>Amphibia</h3><br>
<h4>Caudata</h4><br>
<p>Parrisia neocesariensis</p><br>
<p>Sirenidae indet.</p><br>
<p>cf. Habrosaurus sp.</p><br>
<h4>Anura</h4><br>
<p>Hylidae indet.</p><br>
<p>cf. Eopelobates sp.</p><br>
<p>cf. Discoglossus sp.</p><br>
<h3>Reptilia</h3><br>
<h4>Chelonii</h4><br>
<p>Adocus beatus</p><br>
<p>Apalone sp.</p><br>
<p>Bothremys barberi</p><br>
<p>Baenidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Corsochelys sp.</p><br>
<h4>Lacertilia</h4><br>
<p>Prototeius stageri</p><br>
<p>cf. Haptosphenus sp.</p><br>
<p>Iguanidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Xenosauridae indet.</p><br>
<p>Helodermatidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Anguinae indet.</p><br>
<p>Necrosauridae indet.</p><br>
<p>cf. Halisaurus sp.</p><br>
<h4>Crocodilia</h4><br>
<p>Borealosuchus threensis</p><br>
<p>cf. Brachychampsa sp.</p><br>
<p>Deinosuchus sp.</p><br>
<h3>Dinosauria</h3><br>
<h4>Saurischia</h4><br>
<p>Dryptosaurus sp.</p><br>
<p>cf. Dromaeosauridae indet.</p><br>
<p>Theropoda indet.</p><br>
<h4>Ornithischia</h4><br>
<p>Hadrosauridae indet.</p><br>
<h3>Mammalia</h3><br>
<h4>Multituberculata</h4><br>
<p>Cimolomyidae indet.</p><br>
<p>cf. Mesodma sp.</p><br>
<p>cf. Cimolodon sp.</p><br>
<p>Cimolodontidae indet.</p><br>
<h4>Metatheria</h4><br>
<p>Stagodontidae indet.</p><br>
<h4>Eutheria</h4><br>
<p>cf. Eutheria indet.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>During Late Cretaceous times, the North American Continent was divided by an inland sea into two subcontinents: a western continent now known as "Laramidia", and an eastern continent named "Appalachia". Although a rich and diverse assemblage of taxa has been found from Laramidia, little is known of the contemporaneous terrestrial fauna of the Appalachian subcontinent. The Ellisdale Site has provided the first detailed look at the terrestrial fauna of Appalachia, including the rare fossil remains of frogs, salamanders, lizards and mammals.</p><br>
<p>It has been suggested that land animals may have migrated between Laramidia and Appalachia, and possibly even the European Archipelago, throughout the Late Cretaceous; however the presence of an endemic "Ellisdalean" land fauna does not support this hypothesis. The Ellisdale fauna together with geological data suggest that eastern North America was an isolated continent from the Turonian Stage of the Late Cretaceous onward, and thus may have become a refugium for relatively underived Early Cretaceous taxa that underwent vicariant speciation. If dispersal to the European archipelago did take place via a North Atlantic route, it could not have happened until near the close of the Cretaceous Period, based on paleogeographic and paleontologic studies.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Swallow Bluff Island Mounds  is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located near Saltillo on an island in the Tennessee River in Hardin County, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Swallow Bluff Island Mound Site is the northernmost outpost of the Mississippian culture Shiloh polity, a group of communities centered on the much larger Shiloh or Savannah Mound Sites. The site featured two platform mounds, a plaza and a village area. When Clarence Bloomfield Moore visited the site in 1914 he recorded the larger mounds dimensions as a square 130 ft base, 50 ft diameter top platform area and as being 18 ft in height. Excavations in 2003 revealed the mound had been built up in four different construction stages. Moore also described the mound as being very close to the river, although he did not record how close. By the late twentieth century the river had encroached onto the mound and by the early 2000s a significant amount of it had been eroded away.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>In his 1914 visit C. B. Moore dug into the main mound looking for pottery and other artifacts. He found over twenty stone box graves at the summit of the mound. After his visit the site would go without notice again, except by locals and looters, for almost seventy years. In the early 1980s archaeologist Gerald Smith visited the site to investigate suspected pot looters holes, although they may actually been the remnants of Moore&#39;s "excavations". After a disastrous flood in 2003, archaeological surveys and excavations were undertaken to learn as much about the mound as possible before it was completely claimed by the river.</p><br>
<p>Stone Canyon Reservoir and Upper Stone Canyon Reservoir are adjoining reservoirs in the Westside district of Los Angeles, California, located in the neighborhood of Bel Air. Situated in the Santa Monica hills at 847 ft above sea level, the reservoirs lie south of Mulholland Drive and west of North Beverly Glen Boulevard. The main reservoir is the Stone Canyon Reservoir with the much smaller, cone-shaped Upper Stone Canyon Reservoir adjoining it to the north. The two reservoirs supply the Westside water subsystem, including service to around 400,000 people in Pacific Palisades, the Santa Monica Mountains, and West Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was established in 1952 for a total of around $9 million. Construction was partly funded by the California Department of Transportation Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Grant Program. Taking advantage of the natural terrain, an inclined tower was built that eliminated the need for an access bridge and reduced the unit bearing load. A somewhat unusual change in radon level began at the canyon in 1984, possibly a result of a reservoir level change.</p><br>
<p>At least part of the lower reservoir expansion included asphalt linings. Some of the landslides at the upper reservoir were caused by undercut grading. To compact the area brush and reduce the height of the flammable materials, heavy drums were filled with water and then rolled up and down the slopes. Proposed 2004 system changes included removing the reservoir from normal operating service, and retaining it for emergency storage only.</p><br>
<h2>Project features</h2><br>
<p>The Stone Canyon Reservoir is a complex of two reservoirs, namely, the Stone Canyon Reservoir (also known as the Lower Reservoir) at 34&deg;6&prime;24&Prime;N latitude, 118&deg;27&prime;09&Prime;W longitude and the Upper Stone Canyon Reservoir at 34&deg;07&prime;06&Prime;N latitude, 118&deg;27&prime;21&Prime;W longitude. The elevation of the Lower Reservoir is 243 ft at full reservoir level and 247 ft at maximum water level. Both reservoirs, with open surface, when built stored treated drinking water. This enabled surface water runoff to flow into the reservoir. However, this also resulted in contamination of the water.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs are owned by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The main reservoir, which is the lower reservoir and the larger of the two, is situated south of the upper reservoir. It was designed and built in 1924 by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, then named the Bureau of Water Works and Supply (BWWS). As with most other BWWS reservoirs of the time, it is of earth fill construction which was placed utilizing the hydraulic sluicing method. This method was pioneered and refined by William Mulholland. This reservoir had an original capacity of 8,000 acre.ft.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 1950s, the upstream part of the dam was rebuilt as a roller compacted backfill founded on rock, while the downstream part remained unchanged. The rehabilitation work was completed in 1956. The 160 ft high dam was examined from the safety considerations to with stand seismic factors. Seismic studies were carried out in 2002 and the conclusion was that the Lower Stone Canyon Dam could be "operated safely with the reservoir level at its design elevation of 865 ft."</p><br>
<p>The Lower Reservoir is in an irregular shape with a shore line of 5,500 ft and surface area of 117 acre. The 70 ton water treatment plant commissioned in January 1952 is located downstream. The intake was designed as an inclined tower to maximize the natural site conditions which enabled the design of the tower to be based on the unit weight factor.</p><br>
<p>However, as the reservoirs were of open surface type, in later years, they did not conform to the prescribed water quality standards for potable water. The Federal and State Surface Water Treatment Rules stipulated that the rules prescribed that covering of all smaller reservoirs and building of filtration plants at all large ones was essential. The authorities connected with the Lower Stone Reservoir were directed by the Department to build a filtration plant facility below the dam, in a 13 acre area within 100 ft of Stone Canyon Road residences.</p><br>
<p>In the studies conducted in 1991 on the quality of the water stored in the two surface reservoirs it was concluded that the water stored had high turbidity values (about 1 NTU which was more than the standard acceptable value of 0.5 NTU) as it received surface water inflows from the catchment of the reservoir. It was also noted that the coliform bacteria level was also higher than the upper reservoir. High algae count was also reported during the summer season. Further, the average THM value measured was a high of 24 µg/L. These aspects of deteriorating water quality of the two surface reservoirs necessitated provision of water treatment plant (filtration plant).</p><br>
<p>However, following the Federal and State Government directives, a 20,000 ft2 membrane filtration and pumping facility was built at an estimated cost of $65 to 70 million to supply 6.5 e6USgal of water per day to serve 400,000 customers. A security fence was also built around the facility.</p><br>
<h2>Decommissioning of Lower Stone Canyon Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>Planning for further improvement in treatment and supply facility was undertaken in 2004. This was to ensure removal of potential contaminants from the Lower Stone Canyon Reservoir water. This was proposed to conform to the safe drinking water standards through a microfiltration plant that would treat the surface water through membrane filtration along with chemical disinfection before it entered the distribution system. This new plant also provided for fully automated remote operation. This plant was located in a valley on the left abutment of Lower Stone Canyon Dam near the existing reservoir outlet. All visible elements were Architectural aesthetics ensured adoption of existing trees with its precincts and acoustics of operation ensuring an ambient noise level of not more than 30 decibels.</p><br>
<p>After the upgrade of the water treatment and supply facility, the Lower Stone Reservoir is not in use except in emergency situations. The unique feature of this project is that a 63 inches diameter bypass HDPE pipeline is laid over a length of 8,000 ft. Half of this length is submerged below the surface of the lower reservoir bypassing it from where the treated water is directly supplied to the customers from the Los Angeles Aqueduct Filtration Plant in Sylmar.</p><br>
<p>The lower reservoir has a capacity of 3.38 e9USgal of water while the upper reservoir has capacity to store 138 e6USgal of water. However, the upper reservoir has been built with sufficient safeguards against surface runoff by way of boundary channels which is not the case in the lower reservoir. Moreover, the lower Stone Canyon reservoir no longer feeds the customers directly.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs are subject to flash floods, when they are put out of service during the period of the flood. In case of 100 year storm rainfall, the Upper Stone Canyon Reservoir spills to the lower reservoir where it is taken through the filtration process before supplying to the customers.</p><br>
<h2>Decommissioning of the Upper Stone Canyon Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>A proposal to replace the existing Upper Stone Canyon Reservoir is under active consideration. The proposal is to replace the surface reservoir with three underground reservoirs beneath it to store 81 e6USgal of water. The underground structures are proposed to be covered initially with soil and then covered over with local vegetation. Hiking trails are also proposed to pass through the filled up area as a recreational activity to trek the canyon. The objective of this project is basically to follow the regulations set under the Federal Laws for uncovered reservoirs. The lower reservoir has already been decommissioned for regular use but with provision to address emergency situations with a small water treatment plant built to handle such a situation. In case of fire emergency it is planned that the lower reservoir which has enough storage could provide firefighting requirements. The security aspect is also suitable addressed with the project of transferring water under the Stone Canyon Water Quality Improvement Project. Last reported in 2009, the Environment Impact assessment study of this project was under way with the Board of Water and Power Commissioners entailed to take a decision regarding the proposed project.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir has been used as a setting in movies and novels. In 1974, the reservoir was used as a location for the movie Chinatown. Page one of the first galley proofs of Irving Wallace&#39;s 1974 novel The Fan Club is set overlooking Stone Canyon Reservoir. Page two of Sunset Express, a 1996 detective novel by Robert Crais, is set by the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The 55-mile-long Mulholland Scenic Parkway and Corridor is one of the most famous thoroughfares in the USA and includes the 24 mi of Mulholland Drive, which passes through the City of Los Angeles. This drive was constructed in 1924 with the objective of providing a scenic panorama of the mountains, beaches and reservoirs along its winding route. In 1994, the Stone Canyon Reservoir Overlook was developed on the south side of Mulholland Drive. Funds for this facility were provided by the California Department of Transportation Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Grant Program.</p><br>
<p>Anglers who wish to fish in Stone Canyon Reservoir have to consult local guides and resources for the purpose.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>The 1959 Henry Singleton house, the 1972 Wilt Chamberlain house, and Della Reese&#39;s house overlook the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The John Kendrick House is located on West Main Street in Waterbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a brick Tuscan villa house in the Italianate architectural style built in the 1860s, one of the last remaining on Waterbury Green from that period, after which many of the older houses were replaced with commercial buildings. In 1982 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually, after having been included as a contributing property when the Downtown Waterbury Historic District was created a few years earlier.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Green Kendrick, an early industrialist, for his son John Kendrick, a lawyer who later served as a judge and a mayor of Waterbury. Unpublished papers on file at the Yale University Library, stylistic traits and other historical evidence suggest the house was the work of Henry Austin, although there is no definite proof. In the early 20th century Green&#39;s son donated it to the local historical society. It was later used to house the Mattatuck Museum in its early years, and is still owned by the museum although not currently in use.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Kendrick House is on a small lot on the south side of West Main opposite Waterbury Green, the small park at the center of the city. It is midway between Church and Leavenworth streets. Across the Green are the main Mattatuck Museum building and the Elton Hotel. To the south are parking lots accessible from Kendrick Street. On either side are large commercial blocks that dwarf the house. The terrain is level and the neighborhood is an extensively developed urban core.</p><br>
<p>A much deeper setback than either of its neighbors provides the house with a front lawn behind a cast iron fence. The building itself is a square two-story three-bay structure of common-bond brick two courses thick on a foundation of granite ashlar with brownstone facing. It is topped by a gently hipped roof surfaced in standing-seam metal pierced by two brick chimneys at the center. A two-story service wing, added later, projects from the rear. It is largely sympathetic but has more restrained decoration.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>On the north (front) facade the centrally located main entrance is sheltered by an extensively ornamented wooden portico. A balustrade at the top creates a balcony accessible from a round-arched window the recessed section above it. All the other windows are single-pane double-hung sash windows.</p><br>
<p>Those on the bottom have small cast-iron balconies of their own with similar patterns to the front fence. Their brownstone sills are matched with pedimented lintels on consoles; the second-story side windows have the same sills but their lintels lack the pediment. The balcony door has a lintel that curves with the arch. Above it there is a pediment in the roofline, where broad wooden eaves are supported by large brackets with leaf carvings.</p><br>
<p>The entrance portico has square paired fluted Composite pilasters on high pedestals with egg-and-dart and rope-turn molding. Their capitals are more vegetative than is typical for the Composite order, with thick acanthus leaves at the volutes. Above each, foliate paired brackets support the roof.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>A small set of brownstone steps with a modern iron railing leads up to the portico. The plain entrance door has sidelights and a transom. It opens into a central hallway with carpeting over its interwoven oak and maple parquet floor and dropped ceilings with modern lighting. All the rooms have their original woodwork, including molded baseboards, door and window surrounds and cornice.</p><br>
<p>The east rooms were combined into a large gallery when the museum occupied the space. The lower hall and stairs have a flat-paneled dado, and the upstairs hallway has a dado of its own with floral and ornamental designs on the plaster. The library, upstairs, has a parquet floor more intricate than the other rooms.</p><br>
<p>The former museum office is the best-preserved room in the house. In addition to the same original woodwork s the other rooms, it has its original white marble mantel. Its design, referred to as "Grecian" in contemporary catalogs, has a complex-curved shelf supported by consoles over an arched firebox opening with a keyblock carved into the shape of a scallop shell.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Greene Kendrick, an early Waterbury brassmaker who later served in the state legislature, built the house in 1866 for his son John. At that time it was one of many grand houses on Waterbury Green, the two-acre (8,000 m²) remnant of the original town common that was by then the center of a growing industrial city. John was unable to replicate his fathers success in business and so turned to the law, where he rose to serve as judge and eventually mayor of Waterbury. He lived well; upon his death in 1877 the estate lists rugs and mirrors valued at half the average annual salary of a worker in the citys factories.</p><br>
<p>The house has all the typical features of the Tuscan villa, an Italianate house type popular with wealthy Victorians embracing the Picturesque mode: a cubical form, nearly flat roof with wide overhanging eaves, and a three-bay facade with most of the decorative touches lavished on the main entrance. Another original detail, a belvedere at the center of the roof, was replaced when the roof was resurfaced. Following their Italian Renaissance models, decoration tended toward very free applications of classical touches, and the Kendrick House&#39;s portico is no exception. The square columns in particular do not follow classical proportions, and their plush capitals and leaf brackets further depart from more restrained classical originals.</p><br>
<p>There is no documentary record that identifies the architect. Several of the additional details—the cast iron balcony balustrades, brownstone trim and verticality created by the emphasis on the central bay—are typical of Henry Austin. Sketches found among Austin&#39;s papers after he died, now kept at the Yale University Library, show a very similar house with the same chimney and belvedere placement, but without the brackets and central pediment. They date to the 1840s, prior to the known date of construction, and Austin was known to have been active in Waterbury in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>These details are not enough to positively associate the house with Austin, however. Other architects borrowed from his patterns, as he did from theirs. It is quite possible as well that the house is the work of R.W. Hill, a Waterbury native who had worked in Austin&#39;s New Haven office.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, Kendrick&#39;s son Greene Kendrick II sold the house to the Mattatuck Historical Society for use as a museum. By that time most of the other houses on the Green and neighboring streets had been demolished and replaced by the larger commercial blocks that dominate the area now. The historical society converted the house for museum use, merging all the east rooms into a large gallery for exhibits. It remained in the house until the construction of its current home across the Green in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Van Buren County Courthouse in Keosauqua, Iowa, United States was built in 1843. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. In 1845 the courthouse served as the location for a trial resulting in the first death penalty in Iowa history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Van Buren County, Iowa was established on December 7, 1836. The first meeting of the county court and officials was held the following spring in Farmington, Iowa. However, the Wisconsin territorial legislature—which Iowa was a part of until 1838—changed the county seat to the village of Rochester in December, 1837. Territorial Governor Henry Dodge vetoed the change so an election was held in 1838 to settle the matter. The voters chose Keosauqua, which was then required to supply $5,000 in materials and land for the construction of a county courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Van Buren County commissioners accepted a bid of $6,500 from James Hall and John Fairman on May 30, 1840 for construction of the courthouse, with Sewall Kenny and Henry King named as building agents.</p><br>
<p>The finished Greek Revival-style building was one of the largest west of the Mississippi River for that time period. The framework of the courthouse was constructed of native oak from the area as well as locally manufactured brick for the exterior. Iron truss rods were installed in the building to provide further strength. he exterior walls are 22 inches (55.88 cm) thick on the first floor and 18 inches (45.72 cm) on the second floor. Locally harvested walnut completed most of the interior, trim, and two circular staircases. Originally the courthouse included a ten-foot square tower rising another sixteen feet above the second floor however it was removed in the mid-1800s. The circular walnut staircases were also removed and replaced by the single one presently in use.</p><br>
<h3>The courthouse today</h3><br>
<p>Still in use, the Van Buren County courthouse received a major interior restoration over a two-year period between 1981 and 1983, improving safety while preserving much of the original look and feel. The exterior of the building was renovated in 1997 and included a ramp to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. While still serving as an active courtroom, the building also features historical displays, photos of former judges, portraits, and maps. The county office building, located south of the courthouse, is also well over a century old having been constructed in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The Montgomery County Courthouse is located in Red Oak, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Montgomery County’s first county seat was Frankfort and the courthouse there was a room in a log cabin. A dining room set was used for the furniture and the jury deliberated outside. The Milwaukee architectural firm H.C. Koch & Company designed the building, and it was built by Richard & Company. The exterior of the building features an abundance of towers, turrets, finials, cresting, and a large polygonal bay. It is considered one of the best Victorian Romanesque courthouses in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The ECS Bridge over Big Goose Creek is a bridge near Sheridan, Wyoming that was built in 1914. It is a Pratt pony truss bridge which was built by the Canton Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio. The Canton Bridge Company built four steel bridges in Wyoming in 1914; the ECS Bridge is the only one of these surviving in its original location. It is 50 feet long and 15 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>It is one of 171 Wyoming bridges surveyed in a study that led to the nomination of 31 of them for NRHP listing. The ECS bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Two other Canton Bridge Company bridges in Wyoming are also listed on the NRHP:</p><br>
<p>EDL Peloux Bridge, Cty. Rd. CN16-40, in or near Buffalo, Wyoming and</p><br>
<p>EDZ Irigary Bridge, Cty. Rd. CN16-254, in or near Sussex, Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The John Smith House is an historic property located in Le Claire, Iowa, United States. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979.</p><br>
<h2>John Smith</h2><br>
<p>John Smith was a son of Ira Smith, who was one of the founders of Le Claire. After the Effie Afton struck the pier of the new railroad bridge between Davenport, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois in 1856, Smith was hired by the railroad to prove that a steamboat could safely pass under the bridge if it is properly handled. Because the railroad was a competitor of the steamboat industry, river captains would not hire Smith as a river pilot until the 1860s. Along with the Van Sants, also of Le Claire, he developed the raftboat. It pushed the lumber rafts down to the river from the forests in the north to the mills further south. They also developed the bowboat, which was a small sternwheeler set crosswise at the front of the raft to provide additional control over the direction of movement.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The John Smith House is a small one story, brick structure built on a stone foundation. It follows a center hall plan. The facade is three bays wide and the side elevation is two bays. The main entrance is sheltered by a small porch with a flat-roof that is supported by slender wooden posts. The windows have flat stone lintels and sills. There is a wide wooden frieze that runs across the entire front facade and is beaded at the bottom. It is topped by a gable roof whose ridge parallels the front facade. A small, single-story frame addition was added to the east side.</p><br>
<p>Bluejohn Canyon is a slot canyon in Canyonlands National Park in eastern Wayne County, Utah, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The canyons is located southwest of the Horseshoe Canyon Unit of the National Park and 42 miles (67 km) south of Green River. It runs for approximately 11 mi and is a tributary of Horseshoe Canyon, running northeastwards from the Robbers Roost Flats.</p><br>
<p>Bluejohn Canyon came to international attention in 2003 as the place where the outdoorsman Aron Ralston was forced to amputate his own right forearm with a multi-tool after it became trapped by a boulder. Ralston&#39;s entrapment was described in his autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place and was depicted in the 2010 film 127 Hours.</p><br>
<p>Cholesbury Camp is a large and well-preserved Iron Age hill fort on the northern edge of the village of Cholesbury in Buckinghamshire, England. It is roughly oval-shaped, covers an area, including ramparts, of 15 acre, The hill fort is now a scheduled ancient monument.</p><br>
<p>The fort is of the multivallate type, in other words having two or more lines of concentric earthworks. Most examples of such forts were built and used during the British Iron Age period between the 6th century BC and the Roman invasion of Britain in the 1st century AD. The period of Cholesbury Camp&#39;s construction is unclear, but has been suggested it may lie between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, during the Middle to Late Iron Age. It was previously, though erroneously, attributed to the Danes and until the early 20th century was known locally as "The Danish Camp" and incorrectly recorded as such on maps. It has also been suggested that it may have been constructed on the same site as an earlier, "Bronze Age" defensive structure.</p><br>
<p>The fort is located in the Chiltern Hills at an altitude of over 190 m. The porosity of the ground in the area severely limited the availability of surface water, essential for livestock, and therefore precluded year-round settlement adjacent to most of the upland pastures. However, there are two aquifer-fed water sources, Holy (or Holly) and Bury Ponds. The constancy of this supply, over many hundreds of years, is cited as being crucial to the decision as to where to site the hill fort and for the early establishment of the isolated community at Cholesbury.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and layout</h2><br>
<p>The earthen ramparts of the sub-oval shaped fort are today largely overgrown with a double belt of mature beech trees, planted in the early 19th century. Inside the ramparts the enclosed area is a level plateau 10 acre in area, treeless and given over to grazing. There are four entrances to the central enclosure, though only one is thought to be original. The outer ditch and banks of the north-west quadrant do not follow the curvature of the inner rampart over its whole length. The final 53 m of the ditch runs almost straight out in a north-north-easterly direction. The triangular section so created is bounded on its northern edge by a shallow ditch and bank.</p><br>
<h2>History of the fort</h2><br>
<p>Excavations by Day Kimball in 1932 indicated that during the Iron Age, Cholesbury Camp was only sparsely and possibly intermittently inhabited, presumably in times of strife when it provided a refuge or a defensive position. Well-preserved remains of prehistoric hearths or fire-sites and the remains of a clay-lined oven were found. Three of the hearths appear to have been used to smelt iron, also evidenced by finds of bloomery slag. Only a few poor quality pottery shards were found from the Middle Iron Age period, in contrast to numerous fragments of Belgic pottery from the Late Iron Age (approximately 200BC-50AD). Lastly, some rare examples of quern-stone fragments imported from the Eifel region of present-day Germany suggested it might have been a high status encampment. The main period of occupation appears to have been around the middle of the 1st century BC. Kimball also speculated from analysis of a series of trenches dug in the triangle of ramparts in the north-western quadrant, that there were remnants of an earlier earthwork structure (single bank and ditch) extending as an arc in a northerly direction away from the hill fort. Kimball also concluded that the absence of Romano-British pottery shards strongly indicated the hill fort was generally deserted from the time of the Roman occupation of Britain in 54AD until the early medieval period.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 there was an accidental find within the Camp of a gold quarter stater, minted on the continent in the Gallo-Belgic region, between the mid-second and mid-first century BC. Such occurrences can be the result; of trade activity, or a gift to a high-ranking individual, or even intentional deposition as a sacred offering to the gods. Its discovery provided further corroboration for the likely period of occupation postulated by Kimball.</p><br>
<p>Following the period of Roman administration, as land was cleared for use as summer pasture, a small settlement gradually developed, associated with nearby Drayton Beauchamp. More permanent occupation in and around the previously deserted hill fort began during the later Anglo-Saxon period leading to an expansion into a nucleated village from which the present-day village of Cholesbury eventually developed. The first record of the settlements name, as Chelwoldesbyr, was at the end of the 13th century. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon Ceolwealds burh (i.e. the fortified place of Ceolweald&#39;s people).</p><br>
<p>A small amount of mediaeval pottery shards were found by Kimball in 1932 which he concluded were not related to reoccupation, but rather the result of the manuring of the fields during the early stages of the establishment of the settlement outside the Camp. However, a geophysical survey carried out in the interior of the fort in 2000 found possible evidence that the interior may have been reoccupied in the mediaeval period. The results suggested a possible site of an early manor house associated with the church which dates from the around the 12th century. Subsequently, Cholesbury Manor House was constructed in the 16th century located on the southern range of the ramparts of the hill fort.</p><br>
<p>Today the Church of St Lawrence is located within the remains of the defences of the Iron Age fort, one of two such churches of the same name built within a hill fort in Buckinghamshire. Its location suggests that the fort still had some kind of politico-religious significance long after its original use had been forgotten. The oldest parts of the present church were built in the Early English Style, dating the original stone-built church to the 12-13th century, which possibly replaced an earlier Anglo-Saxon wooden church. After falling into disrepair the church was partly rebuilt and restored in the 1870s in the Victorian style.</p><br>
<p>Garnet Peak is a mountain in east-central British Columbia, Canada, located between Goat Creek and Azure Lake. Situated in the Cariboo Mountains of the Columbia Mountains, it is the third highest mountain in Wells Gray Provincial Park with an elevation of 2,876 m. Garnet Peak is a prominent mountain as one drives the Clearwater Valley Road into Wells Gray Park and is first visible from 80 km south at the Clearwater Valley Overlook.</p><br>
<p>Garnet Peak stands alone as a pyramidal peak. From Clearwater Lake, it appears to be part of the Huntley-Buchanan Ridge which extends most of the length of Azure Lake on its north side. It is actually located about 3 km north of Tryfan Mountain and the two are connected by a broad hogsback at an elevation of 2,400 m. This fact becomes obvious as one travels north on Clearwater Lake by boat; Garnet Peak actually gets smaller and eventually disappears behind the Huntley-Buchanan Ridge. Garnet Peak is not visible from anywhere on Azure Lake.</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>Garnet Peak was first climbed on August 29, 1974, by Hugh Neave (leader), Barb Hargreaves and Tor Schmid. Hugh Neave was a latecomer among the explorers of Wells Gray Park, but he was drawn by the scenery and the challenge of mountaineering, rather than by the wealth of mining, trapping or guiding. In 1966, he made his first expedition to the Huntley-Buchanan Ridge and was a regular visitor to those peaks for the next 20 years. An ascent of Garnet Peak had been Neave&#39;s dream since he first saw the mountain in 1966 and he organized three expeditions which were all turned back by severe weather. He blazed the first trail from Azure Lake to Huntley Col and improved it with each trip. Today, it is the only trail from the lakeshore and is maintained by its users. Finally, in 1974 at the age of 65, Neave achieved his dream when he summited Garnet Peak and he named the mountain for the small garnets he found in rock formations near the summit. Neave died in 1988 and Mount Hugh Neave, just north of Garnet Peak, was named the following year in recognition of his climbs in northern Wells Gray Park. Later in 1988, members of the Kamloops Mountaineering Club carried his ashes to the top of Garnet Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Access and climbing route</h2><br>
<p>Fewer than 100 people have climbed Garnet Peak since 1974. It is not a difficult mountain to climb because there is only one short pitch requiring a rope and pitons. It is the access and the unpredictable weather in northern Wells Gray Park which turn back most expeditions. A Garnet Peak ascent should be planned for four days, but can be done in three.</p><br>
<p>The Huntley Col trail starts at Four and a Half Mile Campground on the north shore of Azure Lake. It goes straight up the mountain without the pleasantry of switchbacks and is a steady grind of 1,370 m to the Col. This climb takes at least five hours with backpacks. Huntley Col, between Mount Huntley to the west and Batoche Peak to the east, is the best place to camp since there is a year-round snow patch for water and it is sheltered from the near constant wind. On the second day, the route contours along the north side of Batoche and Tryfan, then traverses the hogsback north to Garnet. The climb itself is mostly on the southwest ridge with one rock pitch of 25 m where a rope and pitons are necessary and a rappel on the descent. The round trip from Huntley Col to the summit takes about 12 hours. The third day is the descent to Azure Lake. The optional fourth day is a cushion in case of bad weather, or it can be used for a hike along the Huntley-Buchanan Ridge as far as Tryfan Mountain. For a detailed description of the Garnet Peak climbing route, see Exploring Wells Gray Park, pages 227-229.</p><br>
<p>The Eggleston School is former school and current private residential structure located at the 10539 Nolan Road in rural Nester Township in southeastern Roscommon County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on February 29, 1996 and soon after added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 4, 1996. It is the only property in Roscommon County listed on the National Register and one of only four county properties designated as a Michigan Historic Site — along with Gerrish Township Information Site, Pioneer House, and Turney House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Eggleston School is located at the corner of Nolan Road and Muma Road in section 19 of the very sparsely populated Nester Township. This location was once the village of Nolan, founded in 1890 near the end of the lumber boom in northern Michigan. Nolan had a peak population of around 80 in 1905, In 1910, the Nester Township Unit School District No. 3 apparently came into possession of the one-acre property where this school now stands. The masonry structure now standing here was built in 1934 to serve as a schoolhouse for the few residents of the township. The school and its property were financed by the township&#39;s largest landowner, Mary Eggleston.</p><br>
<p>The Nestor Township District merged with the Houghton Lake Public Schools in 1959-60, and the school decommissioned. It served as a town hall until 1974, and then was used as a hunting lodge. In 1992, it was converted into a private residence. The few students in the area now attend Houghton Lake Community Schools about 20 miles (32 km) northwest in Houghton Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Eggleston School is a broad-fronted, hip-roof school building on a concrete-fieldstone foundation which originally contained two classrooms upstairs and an auditorium/gymnasium/cafeteria room downstairs, before its it was converted to a single-family residence. The school is particularly notable for the finely crafted fieldstone exterior, containing blocks of various shapes, sizes, and hues. All of the walls, and in particular the facade of the entrance vestibule, have a mosaic-like quality due to the purposefully fitted stones. The school contains 33 double-hung, six-over-six windows, and the roof contains three eyebrow dormers and a pyramid-roof cupola. A projecting one-story gabled vestibule in the center of the facade contains a double-door entrance.</p><br>
<p>Inside, staircases lead up to the main level and down to the basement. When built, the school included two classrooms, two restrooms, a coatroom, and a library upstairs. The lower level contained a large open space was used as a gymnasium, auditorium, and cafeteria, as well as a kitchen, a mechanical room; and a small room used by the maintenance man as an apartment. The interior of the school has been refurbished into a private residence, but he upper floor retains the original floor plan, as well as all of the interior doors, woodwork and door hardware.</p><br>
<p>The school stands on five acres (2.3 ha) of land that also includes a small cemetery, which contains seven burials, only three of them in marked graves.</p><br>
<p>Monte Matto is a 3,097 meters  high mountain in Piedmont, in the province of Cuneo. It is part of the Maritime Alps, dividing the Meris and Gesso della Valletta valleys.</p><br>
<p>The mountain peak, consisting of a ridge with four aligned summits, can be seen from most of the plains near Cuneo. The ridge is divided between two different rock formations, one made up of granitoid gneiss, the other of mixed gneiss and different kinds of migmatite. The four peaks are (east to west) cima Est (3,088 m), cima Centrale (3,097 m), cima Bobba (3,079 m) and cima Verani (3,020 m).</p><br>
<p>The mountain is clearly visible from the plains surrounding Cuneo as a triangular shape with a particular tiny "tooth" (which corresponds to cima Centrale, i.e. central summit). It is an integral part of the natural park Parco Naturale delle Alpi Marittime. The fauna includes marmot, chamois and, at higher altitudes, the Alpine ibex.</p><br>
<p>The Houghton County Courthouse is a government building located at 401 E. Houghton Street in Houghton, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Houghton County, Michigan was first organized in 1845; at the time it covered the entire Keweenaw Peninsula, with Eagle River as the county seat. In 1861, the county was split in two, with the northern part of the Keweenaw, including Eagle River, forming Keweenaw County and the southern part remaining Houghton County. The cornerstone, with a miner&#39;s coat of arms, was laid on July 24, 1886, and the new courthouse was dedicated on July 28, 1887.</p><br>
<p>The section of the courthouse containing the jail was condemned in the 1960s, and an additional building to replace it was constructed nearby. and the building continues to house government offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Houghton County Courthouse is an asymmetrical -story brick-and-sandstone structure with a mansard roof, designed primarily in an interpretation of Second Empire style, but with elements of other styles included. Sweatt made use of local materials in his design of the courthouse, using red sandstone trim and a copper roof. The building also includes a four-story tower and a projecting pavilion. Most of the exterior is cream brick; contrasting red sandstone tops the windows. The interior of the courthouse was designed by Charles Eastlake of England, using heavy, elaborately decorated plaster and woodwork.</p><br>
<p>A modern five-story addition with parking deck is located at the southwest corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Keiter Mound  is a Native American mound in the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located north of the city of Wilmington, it sits on a wooded hill above the stream bottom of a small secondary creek, the Anderson Fork. About 5.5 ft tall at its highest point, the mound measures 58 ft from north to south and 65 ft from east to west.</p><br>
<p>Due to its location, the Keiter Mound is believed to be a work of Hopewellian peoples. Unlike many Hopewell sites, such as the Newark Earthworks or Mound City, the Keiter Mound is isolated: no other mounds and no large geometric earthworks are located nearby. As such, it is likely to have been created by small groups of transient hunters who camped in the valley below. This identification is based on the mound&#39;s location and comparison with similar mounds: as the mound has never been substantially excavated, it likely holds the same grave goods as it did when it was constructed thousands of years ago. The top is flat and slightly scarred, possibly from an early excavation, but for all practical purposes the mound is in pristine condition. For this reason, it is a significant archaeological site: it is an unusually well preserved example of isolate Hopewell construction and might be able to yield important information about the Hopewell way of life. In recognition of its archaeological significance, the Keiter Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Andia Range  is a mountain range of western Navarre, Spain, part of the Basque Mountains. Its highest point is the 1,493 metres high Beriain.</p><br>
<p>Together with the neighboring Urbasa range, Andia is part of the Urbasa-Andia Natural Park.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Beriain 1493 m.</p><br>
<p>Ihurbain 1416 m.</p><br>
<p>Lezitza 1350 m.</p><br>
<p>Amorro 1348 m.</p><br>
<p>Peña Blanca 1269 m.</p><br>
<p>Pagomotxeta 1237 m.</p><br>
<p>Euskal Herriko Erdigunea 1236 m.</p><br>
<p>Eskalaborro 1228 m.</p><br>
<p>Aitzorrotz 1192 m.</p><br>
<p>Dorrokoteka 1176 m.</p><br>
<p>Saratsa 1171 m.</p><br>
<p>Alto de las Bordas Viejas 1265 m</p><br>
<p>Elimendi 1133 m</p><br>
<p>Elordia 1235 m</p><br>
<p>Gaztelu III 1001 m</p><br>
<p>Idoitxiki 1272 m</p><br>
<p>Trinidad de Iturgoien 1222 m</p><br>
<p>Malkasko 1237 m</p><br>
<p>Mendizelaia 982 m</p><br>
<p>Mugaga 1217 m</p><br>
<p>Satrustegi II 1139 m</p><br>
<p>Txurregi 1125 m</p><br>
<p>Zoiolagana 1152 m</p><br>
<p>Lardanburu 1183 m</p><br>
<p>The Valentine Wilson House was a historic residence in Madison County, Ohio, United States. Located off Interstate 70 about 1 mi north of Summerford,</p><br>
<p>Born in Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1785, he moved with his family to Kentucky in 1790 and to Ohio in 1802; they settled in Greene County, where he married the former Eleanor Judy in 1806. In 1816, the Wilson family moved to Madison County and purchased land along the trail that later became the National Road; here, Valentine quickly became a prosperous farmer. Besides tilling the soil, he engaged in industry, establishing the countys first brickyard. His excellent presence of mind and understanding of other mens intentions enabled him to build and preserve his wealth: upon one occasion, he was accosted by highwaymen while carrying $7,000 on his person, but he kept his money by calmly telling the robbers only of the small coin that he carried in his pocket. By the time of his death, he had expanded his farm from its original 160 acre to about 7,000 acre, and his personal property was worth another $60,000, including 1,000 sheep and cattle. He was by far the wealthiest man in Madison County at the time.</p><br>
<p>Wilson built his home in 1820 on the northern side of the future National Road. it was a two-part structure: the main portion of the house was a two-story brick hall-and-parlor design, while later additions were single-story structures that combined brick and wood. Into the late twentieth century, it remained little unchanged and retained the sense of an elaborate early nineteenth-century farmhouse far more strongly than many slightly later residences, which generally were erected with heavy vernacular influences.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Valentine Wilson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Key to its inclusion was its well preserved architecture, which included such elements as fine original details. It was the first place in Madison County to be accorded this distinction, but designation as a historic site has not succeeded in ensuring its survival: the house has since been destroyed.</p><br>
<p>The Astral Apartments is a historic apartment building located at 184 Franklin Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York, New York.</p><br>
<p>The Astral was built in 1885–1886 as affordable housing for employees of Charles Pratt&#39;s Astral Oil Works. It is a massive brick and terra cotta building in the Queen Anne style. It features a central projecting section with a deep, three-story-high round arch recess. The roof features inward-looking decorative gargoyles. Original amenities of the building included a settlement house, library, and kindergarten.</p><br>
<p>Originally, a branch of the Pratt Institute Free Library operated from the ground floor of the Astral.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed to echo red-brick apartments built for workers by George Peabody in London. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and designated a City Landmark in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The building is the fictional setting for Kate Christensen&#39;s 2011 novel The Astral: A Novel.</p><br>
<p>Lefferts-Laidlaw House is a historic villa located in Wallabout, Brooklyn, New York, New York built about 1840 and is a two-story frame building in the temple-fronted Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house site was originally part of a 100 feet wide by 246 feet deep tract of land purchased in 1834 by Henry Ryer, a Manhattan merchant, from George Washington Pine. Ryer divided the property, located on the west side of Clinton Avenue (named in honor of New York Governor DeWitt Clinton.) into four 25 feet wide lots.</p><br>
<p>After a few sales and repurchases, the land was bought by Rem Lefferts, a Brooklyn merchant, and his brother-in-law John Laidlaw. The main portion of the house was built about 1840. and John Cozine (d. 1796), a New York attorney and judge of the New York State Supreme Court. Lefferts was the oldest child of Sarah Cowenhoven (1775-1856)</p><br>
<p>In November 1843, Lefferts sold the property to his sister, Sarah Lefferts Millard (1805-1849), and brother-in-law, A. Orville Millard (b. 1809). Millard was a native of Ulster County and moved to New York City in 1830 to study law, opening an office on Nassau Street in Manhattan. In 1849, Sarah Millard died following the birth of her sixth child. Millard owned the home until it was purchased by real estate investor Robert Bage in April 1854.</p><br>
<h2>Style</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story frame building in the temple-fronted Greek Revival style. It consists of a two-story central section with a one-story south elevation and two-story rear extension. The front facade features a gabled portico supported by four Corinthian fluted columns with an iconic entablature and pediment.</p><br>
<p>Similar to many Greek Revival mansions of the period, the House originally had an elaborate entrance surround featuring an architrave, palmettes, and rosettes. The design was most likely inspired by Minard Lafevers Modern Builders Guide (published in 1833) and The Beauties of Modem Architecture (published in 1835). Vintage photographs reveal that the house built by Henry Ryer house next door (since demolished) had a nearly identical entrance and used the same column capitals, which leads historians to suggest that both houses were been erected by the same builder or designed by the same architect.</p><br>
<p>During the 1940s or the 1950s, the period columns were removed and were replaced with square pillars. The building was refaced with asphalt shingles and a synthetic faux-brick siding and the southern end of the lot was transformed into a driveway shared with another home on Clinton Avenue. In the 1970s and 1980s, the home was bought and restored by Allen Handelman and Richard Arnow.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In September 2016, the house was listed for sale for $4,500,000.</p><br>
<p>Union Avenue United Methodist Church was a historic church building in Memphis, Tennessee, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name Union Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The building was located on a street corner at 2117 Union Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The building was no longer in use as a church when it was sold in February 2011 to CVS Pharmacy. The company paid $2.25 million for the church property and also paid $650,000 to buy an adjoining property from a different owner. Demolition of the structure began in March 2011</p><br>
<p>Members of the family that sold the land for church use in 1912 attempted to block the sale to CVS on the basis of a restrictive covenant in the deed that required the property to be used as a "place of divine worship."</p><br>
<p>The John Rankin House at 440 Clinton Street at the corner of Carroll Street in the Carroll Gardens neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City was built in the Greek Revival style in 1840, at which time it stood by itself, surrounded by farmland and overlooking Upper New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>Rankin was a merchant, and the mansion, one of the finest Greek Revival houses in the city, was one of the largest residences in Brooklyn in the 1840s. It is a three-story, square brick building on a stone foundation. The interior features a massive mahogany stairway with paneled wainscotting.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a New York City landmark in 1970, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Currently it is the F. G. Guido Funeral Home.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ashigara , also known as Mount Kintoki , is the northernmost peak of the Hakone caldera, on the border of Kanagawa and Shizuoka prefectures, in the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park in Japan. Ashigara is not a remnant of the collapse of the old Hakone volcano itself, but rather a parasitic cone growing from its flank.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ashigara is the legendary birthplace of Kintarō.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The kanji of the mountains name mean "Leg Handle Mountain", but the written form is ateji, meaning that the kanji were applied phonetically, and not for any symbolic representation of the mountains characteristics or history. In old songs it is spelled out phonetically as asigari (阿之賀利) or asigara (安思我良). The name appears to be Ainu, from *áskar-i ("pure place"), the locative form of áskan-ne ("clean, pure").</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Hakone side</p><br>
<p>90 minutes&#39; walk from Sengoku bus stop</p><br>
<p>Gotemba side</p><br>
<p>120 minutes&#39; walk from Otome Toge bus stop</p><br>
<p>Minami Ashigara side</p><br>
<p>90 minutes&#39; walk from Ashigara Pass</p><br>
<p>120 minutes&#39; walk from Jizodo bus stop</p><br>
<p>Mount Hakone is a complex volcano in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan that is truncated by two overlapping calderas, the largest of which is 10 × 11 km wide. The calderas were formed as a result of two major explosive eruptions about 180,000 and 49,000–60,000 years ago. Lake Ashi lies between the southwestern caldera wall and a half dozen post-caldera lava domes that arose along a southwest–northeastern trend cutting through the center of the calderas. Dome growth occurred progressively to the south, and the largest and youngest of them, Kami-yama, forms the high point of Hakone. The calderas are breached to the east by the Haya-kawa canyon. Mount Ashigara is a parasitic cone.</p><br>
<p>The latest magmatic eruptive activity at Hakone occurred 2,900 years ago. It produced a pyroclastic flow and a lava dome in the explosion crater, although phreatic eruptions took place as recently as the 12–13th centuries AD.</p><br>
